Organic chemistry
The study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms
Why is carbon considered to be a "versatile" element?
Carbon has four valence electrons, meaning it can bond to many different atoms
what is a monomer
A monomer is a small molecular unit.
explain the relationship between monomers and polymers
A polymer is a chain of monomers that have been bonded together
dehydration synthesis
When multiple monomers are bonded together, H2O is lost as the bond is formed
hydrolysis
With the addition of H2O, the bond holding the polymer together is broken.
polymer name - starch
monomer name- glucose
polymer name - glycogen
monomer name- glucose
polymer name - cellulose
monomer name- glucose
polymer name - protein
monomer name- amino acids
Benedict's solutions indicates
simple carbohydrates
Iodine indicates
complex carbohydrates
brown paper indicates
lipids
Biuret indicates
protiens
carbohydrates
are the main source of energy for our cells
if a molecule ends in -ose it probably is
carbohydrate
Starch
is found in plants and it's function is long term energy
provides energy to the plant and food chain
Glycogen
is found in animals (liver and muscle cells) and it's function is to provide energy storage (short term)
Chitin
is found in cell walls of fungi, exoskeleton of insects, crustaceans and it's function is to provide structural support for organisms
Fiber
is found in plants (cellulose/carbs) it's healthy to consume a high fiber diet b/c fiber helps sweep through the digestive track and carry out impurities (toxins) and also helps to keep regular.
four functions of a protein in the human body
1) provides structure and support (keratin, elastin, protein)
2)transports proteins (sodium, potassium pump, channels, etc)
3) immunity (antibodies)
4)catalyze chemical reactions
what part of an amino acid can vary?
the "R" group
how many different kinds of amino acids are there?
20 different kinds of amino acids (protein monomer)
if a molecule ends in -ase it probably a
- ase = an enzyme
how is a substrate and an enzyme like a lock and key?
the enzyme is the lock and the substrate is the key. The active site and the substrate have complementary shapes.
what do enzymes do in relation to activation energy?
the enzymes make the chemical reaction happen faster, enzymes lower the reaction energy
high glycemic index
it will increase blood sugar by a lot
a fat is composed of ...
glycerol molecule that is joined to three fatty acid tails.
saturated fat
bad (in excess)
single bonds between carbon and fatty acid tails
saturated in hydrogen
found in lots of animal products
straight chains
solid at room temprature
unsaturated fat
double bonds
rigid bonds-> carbon/hydrogen on the same side/opposite
same side = cis
opposite = trans
liquid at room temperature
lipids are...
hydrophobic b/c they are non polar (bonds between the elements that make up the fat share evenly)
DON'T MIX WITH WATER
triglyceride
glycerol molecule bonded too three fatty acid tails
phospholipid
made of 1 glyceride 2 fatty acid tails and 1 phosphate head. The head (phosphate) is hydrophilic and the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic and is found in the cell membranes forming bilayers
steroid
many uses - steroids are considered a lipid b/c they are hydrophobic but don't resemble regular lipid.
ex) cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone
found/ embedded into the cell wall, it controls the fluidity of the cell membrane
biomolecule
...
trans fat
is bad b/c these kinds of fats make is hard to metabolize and can cause cardiovascular problems
partially hydrogenated
add more hydrogen to the unsaturated fat