Final Flashcards

Rheumatoid arthritis involves joint inflammation caused by

Calcitonin is produced by thyroid parafollicular cells and increases bone formation by

A patient is diagnosed with heart failure with normal ejection fraction. This patient is most likely characterized by a(n)

In addition to E. coli, a risk factor for development of pyelonephritis is

A serious complication of deep vein thrombosis is

Hypotension, distended neck veins, and muffled heart sounds are classic manifestations of

When preparing for the admission of a client diagnosed with bronchiectasis, the nurse will

Aortic regurgitation is associated with

In individuals who have asthma, exposure to an allergen to which they are sensitized leads to which pathophysiologic event?

In which stage of shock is a patient who has lost 1200 mL of blood, who has normal blood pressure when supine, but who experiences orthostatic hypotension upon standing?

Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include

The physiologic mechanisms involved in the pain phenomenon are termed

________ is the most powerful predictor of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.

When a parent of a toddler recently diagnosed with pneumococcal pneumonia asks why their child is so much sicker than a classmate was when they were diagnosed with pneumonia, the nurse replies

A person with acute hypoxemia may hyperventilate and develop

Respiratory acidosis may be caused by

Liver transaminase elevations in which aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is markedly greater than alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is characteristic of

Individuals with end-stage chronic renal disease are at risk for renal osteodystrophy and spontaneous bone fractures, because

Most muscle strains are caused by

The most common cause of intrinsic kidney injury is _____ injury.

A patient presenting with a severe, pounding headache accompanied by nausea and photophobia is likely experiencing a ________ headache.

Hyperaldosteronism causes

The primary source of erythropoietin is provided by the

When a patient experiencing nephrotic syndrome asks, “What causes my urine to be so full of protein,” the nurse’s response is based on the knowledge that

Assessment of an extremity six hours after surgical alignment and casting demonstrates pulselessness and pallor. The priority action to take is to

Chronic bronchitis often leads to cor pulmonale because of

Although skin manifestations may occur in numerous locations, the classic presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) includes

The gate control theory of pain transmission predicts that activity in touch receptors will

The process responsible for distribution of fluid between the interstitial and intracellular compartments is

Obstructive disorders are associated with

At his most recent clinic visit, a patient with end-stage renal disease is noted to have edema, congestive signs in the pulmonary system, and a pericardial friction rub. Appropriate therapy at this time would include

Legionnaires disease is characterized by

Pain that waxes and wanes and is exacerbated by physical exertion is likely related to

In contrast to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis may be associated with

A unique characteristic feature of fibromyalgia is the presence of

A major modifiable risk factor for nephrolithiasis is

The patient most at risk for postrenal acute kidney injury is a(n)

The arterial blood gas pH = 7.52, PaCO₂ = 30 mm Hg, HCO₃ ^– = 24 mEq/L demonstrates

Lusitropic impairment refers to

The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is

High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle, because it increases

Emphysema results from destruction of alveolar walls and capillaries, which is because of

Individuals who have chronic bronchitis most often have

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include

While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding?

Myxedema coma is a severe condition associated with

A potential risk factor for breast cancer includes

Anticholinesterase inhibitors may be used to manage

Ulcerative colitis is commonly associated with

What laboratory data would support a diagnosis of hemochromatosis?

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of

Chronic pancreatitis may lead to

Narcotic administration should be administered carefully in patients with acute pancreatitis related to potential for

The American Diabetes Association recommends a postprandial blood glucose level of ________ mg/dL for adults with diabetes.

The most common causes of prehepatic jaundice are ________ and ineffective erythropoiesis.

A laboratory test result that helps confirm the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is

Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of

Which response to an injection of ACTH indicates a primary adrenal insufficiency?

Lack of α-antitrypsin in emphysema causes

The prothrombin time (PT) and INR (international normalized ratio) measure the integrity of

The classic manifestations of Parkinson disease include

Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for hypovolemic shock?

The most common cause of ischemic acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in the United States is

The most frequent initial symptom of bladder cancer is

A patient has a positive Chvostek sign. The nurse interprets this as a sign of

Hypertension is closely linked to

Activation of parasympathetic nerves to the bladder will cause

Which acid are the kidneys unable to excrete?

Modulation of pain signals is thought to be mediated by the release of

Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with

Hypotension associated with neurogenic and anaphylactic shock is because of

Diarrhea and other lower intestinal fluid losses will contribute to

A laboratory test that should be routinely monitored in patients receiving digitalis therapy is

The strength of the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is known as the

The pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis involves

In general, with aging, organ size and function

Endometriosis is a condition in which

Which is indicative of a left tension pneumothorax?

Which is not considered to be a risk factor for thrombus formation?

A college student living in a dormitory reports a stiff neck and headache and is found to have a fever of 102°F. This information is most consistent with

Risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke include

A malignant bone-forming tumor is referred to as a(n)

Gouty arthritis is a complication of

_________ is a form of spina bifida in which a saclike cyst filled with CSF protrudes through the spinal defect but does not involve the spinal cord.

A patient with flail chest will demonstrate

The urinalysis finding most indicative of cystitis includes the presence of

Rupture of esophageal varices is a complication of cirrhosis with portal hypertension and carries a high ________ rate.

The ________ system compensates for metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.

What is the correct definition of complete remission (CR) of leukemia?

Intracranial pressure normally ranges from ______ mm Hg.

The most commonly ordered diagnostic test for evaluation of the urinary system is

Which condition is caused by a genetic defect?

Patients with immunodeficiency disorders are usually first identified because they

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of

Seizures that involve both hemispheres at the outset are termed

Patients with immunodeficiency disorders are usually first identified because they

A laboratory test result that helps confirm the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is

Venous obstruction leads to edema because it ________ pressure.

The condition characterized by oliguria and hematuria is

Velocity of blood flow is measured in

The most common source of osteomyelitis is

A level of ____ on the Glasgow Coma Scale indicates likely fatal damage.

Metaplasia is

What type of seizure usually occurs in children and is characterized by brief staring spells?

Mitral stenosis is associated with

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including

Myxedema coma is a severe condition associated with

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of

________ is the most powerful predictor of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The megakaryocyte is a precursor to

In which stage of shock is a patient who has lost 1200 mL of blood, who has normal blood pressure when supine, but who experiences orthostatic hypotension upon standing?

Cor pulmonale refers to

The defining characteristic of severe acute kidney injury is

The pain of nonarticular rheumatism (“growing pain”) is worse

The most common cause of mechanical bowel obstruction is

Which electrolyte imbalances cause increased neuromuscular excitability?

Emesis causes

A patient with renal disease is at risk for developing uremia as the nephrons progressively deteriorate, because

A patient who has difficulty walking without assistance is incontinent of urine when help doesn’t get to her quickly enough. The term for this type of incontinence is

Hepatitis with the presence of autoantibodies and positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA) is

Reperfusion injury to cells

A primary effector cell of the type I hypersensitivity response is

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of

An increased urine bilirubin is associated with

The pain that accompanies kidney disorders is called

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by

Which is not a manifestation of acute arterial obstruction?

An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by

A cause of thrombocytopenia includes

Systemic disorders include

The common denominator in all forms of heart failure is

Celiac sprue is a malabsorptive disorder associated with

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the

A diagnostic laboratory finding in myeloma is

Proto-oncogenes

When systemic vascular resistance is decreased, blood flow

What results when systemic blood pressure is increased?

A patient diagnosed with chronic compensated heart failure reports that, “My feet swell if I eat salt but I don’t understand why” The nurse’s best response is

First-degree heart block is characterized by

Which neurologic disorder is commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig disease?

The main clinical manifestation of a kidney stone obstructing the ureter is

It is true that gallstones are

Individuals who have chronic bronchitis most often have

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except

The displacement of two bones in which the articular surfaces partially lose contact with each other is called

The person at highest risk for developing hypernatremia is a person who

Paget’s disease is characterized by

Dopamine precursors and anticholinergics are all used in the management of Parkinson disease, because they

Which change in a patient’s assessment has the greatest urgency?

A patient presenting with a severe, pounding headache accompanied by nausea and photophobia is likely experiencing a ________ headache.

Postrenal acute kidney injury may be caused by

A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop

The effect of stress on the immune system

A patient being treated for acute tubular necrosis (ATN) develops mild polyuria. The nurse responds to questions about why this occurring by stating

A patient diagnosed with diabetes, smokes a pack of cigarettes daily and eats very few green leafy vegetables. After experiencing a fractured toe, this patient is at risk for

An example of inappropriate treatment for head trauma would be

Pain with passive stretching of a muscle is indicative of

What finding should prompt further diagnostic testing in a child presenting with diarrhea?

Prerenal acute kidney injury may be caused by

A patient, age 3, has vesicoureteral reflux. “Why does that make him have so many bladder infections?” asks his mother. The nurse’s best response is

The relationship of blood flow (Q), resistance (R), and pressure (P) in a vessel can be expressed by which equation?

Viral pneumonia is characterized by

Most gallstones are composed of

An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed

Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1 contribute to shock states because they induce production of

A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of

Which complication of asthma is life threatening?

It is true that growth hormone excess in adults

Barrett esophagus is a

Which disorder usually causes skeletal pain and involves significant bone demineralization from vitamin D deficiency?

The formation of active vitamin D

The cause of the most common form of anemia is

Effects of hypernatremia on the central nervous system typically include

Diabetes insipidus is a condition that

Which dysrhythmia is thought to be associated with reentrant mechanisms?

Critically ill patients may have parenterally administered vasoactive drugs that are adjusted according to their _____ pressure.

Leakage of CSF from the nose or ears is commonly associated with

The most commonly ordered diagnostic test for evaluation of the urinary system is

Uterine prolapse is caused by a relaxation of the

The most appropriate treatment for secondary polycythemia is

An example of an acyanotic heart defect is

Clinical manifestations of extracellular fluid volume deficit include

A patient presenting with muscle cramps, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and prolonged Q-T intervals on EKG may be showing symptoms of

“Please explain the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis to me,” says another nurse. “Is it just wear and tear so that the cartilage wears out?” Your best response is

The microorganism that causes the vast majority of urinary tract infections is

It is true that Bell palsy is a

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space is called

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as

The signs and symptoms of adrenocortical hormone excess may occur from either a primary or secondary disorder. A symptom associated with primary Cushing syndrome is

Low cardiac output in association with high preload is characteristic of ________ shock.

A common characteristic of viral pneumonia is

A patient has ureteral colic. The manifestation that requires immediate notification of the physician is

Treatment of a uterine prolapse may involve the insertion of a(n) ________ to hold the uterus in place.

A patient diagnosed with chronic compensated heart failure reports that, “My feet swell if I eat salt but I don’t understand why” The nurse’s best response is

Individuals with end-stage chronic renal disease are at risk for renal osteodystrophy and spontaneous bone fractures, because

Systemic disorders include

Tachycardia is an early sign of low cardiac output that occurs because of

A patient who has difficulty walking without assistance is incontinent of urine when help doesn’t get to her quickly enough. The term for this type of incontinence is

Detrusor muscle overactivity can be improved by administration of

Transfusion reactions involve RBC destruction caused by

A common component of renal calculi is

A patient who was involved in a fall from a tree becomes short of breath. The lung sounds are absent on one side. This patient is experiencing ________ shock.

Which disorder is associated with a type III hypersensitivity mechanism of injury?

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space is called

“Please explain the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis to me,” says another nurse. “Is it just wear and tear so that the cartilage wears out?” Your best response is

Autonomic dysreflexia is characterized by

A deficiency of von Willebrand factor impairs

Overproduction of nitric oxide is an important aspect of the pathophysiologic process of what type of shock?

When a parent asks how they will know if their 2-month-old baby, who is throwing up and has frequent diarrhea, is dehydrated, the nurse’s best response is

Chronic pancreatitis may lead to

A thyroid gland that grows larger than normal is known as

How is a patient hospitalized with a malignant tumor that secretes parathyroid hormone–related peptide monitored for the resulting electrolyte imbalance?

Hypotension, distended neck veins, and muffled heart sounds are classic manifestations of

The person at highest risk for developing hypernatremia is a person who

The most common agent resulting in nephrotoxicity and subsequent acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in hospitalized patients is

Aortic regurgitation is associated with

Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with

A normal bleeding time in association with normal platelet count, and increased prothrombin time (PT) and INR, is indicative of

What is the effect on resistance if the radius of a vessel is halved?

Patients with structural evidence of heart failure who exhibit no signs or symptoms are classified into which New York Heart Association heart failure class?

The oliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis is characterized by

What finding should prompt further diagnostic testing in a child presenting with diarrhea?

Blood flow throughout the periphery is regulated by

The most common cause of intrinsic kidney injury is _____ injury.

A patient with pancreatitis may experience muscle cramps secondary to

Which response to an injection of ACTH indicates a primary adrenal insufficiency?

Steatohepatitis is caused by an accumulation of ________ in the liver cells.

It is true that Graves disease is

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is often associated with

The condition in which the urethra opens on the dorsal aspect of the penis is known as

Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for hypovolemic shock?

Which treatment is helpful in neuropathic pain but not used for acute pain?

________ edema occurs when ischemic tissue swells because of cellular energy failure.

Which electrolyte imbalances cause increased neuromuscular excitability?

A patient presents to the physician’s office with pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin. The patient is most likely between the ages of _____ years.

A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of

Myxedema coma is a severe condition associated with

Aldosterone secretion is regulated by the presence of ________ in the circulation.

The most appropriate treatment for secondary polycythemia is

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except

Surgical removal of a gland may result in

Red blood cells obtain nearly all their energy from metabolism of

An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed

The pain associated with chronic pancreatitis is generally described as ________ in nature.

A bone disorder that results from insufficient vitamin D is referred to as

What is necessary for red blood cell production?

Which pulmonary function test result is consistent with a diagnosis of asthma?

Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include

An increase in ADH secretion occurs in response to

A laboratory test finding helpful in confirming the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia is

Excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion can cause _____ concentration.

A 3-year-old boy who exhibits prolonged bleeding after minor trauma and a prolonged aPTT, but a normal platelet count, is likely to be diagnosed with

________ occurs when a brainstem impaired patient exhibits a persistent rhythmic or jerky movement in one or both eyes.

Pulse pressure is defined as

A laboratory test that should be routinely monitored in patients receiving digitalis therapy is

Elevated serum lipase and amylase levels are indicative of

Improvement in a patient with septic shock is indicated by an increase in

Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1 contribute to shock states because they induce production of

Tophi are

Which complication of asthma is life threatening?

Which is not considered to be a risk factor for thrombus formation?

Nephrotic syndrome does not usually cause

Lack of α-antitrypsin in emphysema causes

The normal post-void residual urine in the bladder is

Pathophysiologically, esophageal varices can be attributed to

What problem is a patient likely to experience in end-stage renal disease?

Modulation of pain signals is thought to be mediated by the release of

First-degree heart block is characterized by

A patient with a productive cough and parenchymal infiltrates on x-ray is demonstrating symptomology of

Which disorder usually causes skeletal pain and involves significant bone demineralization from vitamin D deficiency?

Rupture of a cerebral aneurysm should be suspected if the patient reports

The hypersensitivity reaction that does not involve antibody production is type

In older women, osteoporosis is thought to be primarily because of

The pain of nonarticular rheumatism (“growing pain”) is worse

The most frequent initial symptom of bladder cancer is

The microorganism that causes the vast majority of urinary tract infections is

In addition to E. coli, a risk factor for development of pyelonephritis is

Which disorder is caused by inhalation of organic substances?

People who have osteoporosis are at risk for

The megakaryocyte is a precursor to

Hyperlipidemia occurs in nephrotic syndrome because

Inflammation of the sacs that overlie bony prominences is called

Hepatitis B is usually transmitted by exposure to

Airway obstruction in chronic bronchitis is because of

The strength of the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is known as the

The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is

A unique characteristic feature of fibromyalgia is the presence of

The urinalysis finding most indicative of cystitis includes the presence of