The study of the Structure of an organism
Anatomy
the study of how that organism's body functions
Physiology
smallest unit of all living things
cell
similar cells within a common function
tissue
made of 2 or more types of tissues
organ
group of organs working toward a common goal
organ system
highest level of structural organization for an individual
organism
lets some substances in and keeps others out
Maintaining boundaries
What is an example of Maintaining boundaries?
skin protects absorbs and keeps in water, which prevents entry of
pathogens
Internal movement and ability to move through surrounding
Movement
What is an example of Movement?
digestive contractions
sensing and reacting to changes in enviroment
Responsiveness
What is an example of responsiveness?
pain felt when finger is cut with a knife
Breaking down and absorbing nutrients
Digestion
Building larger molecules from small ones and breaking down
of
larger molecules into smaller ones
Metabolism
removal of wastes
Excretion
What is an example of Excretion?
urine, sweat
production of offspring
Reproduction
increase in cell size or overall body size
Growth
How can you recieve nutrients for survival needs?
through digestion and metabolism
Example of the Heart and lungs is:
Oxygen
The skin, blood, and muscles help maintain:
Normal Body temperature
What allows molecules to move through the body?
Water
What provides appropriate gas exchange between lungs and
environment?
Normal atmospheric pressure
Body is straight with feet slightly apart and thumbs pointed away from the body
Anatomical position
What are the three body planes?
Midsagittal, Frontal, Transverse.
The dorsal body cavity encloses the brain and spinal cord. These are protected by membranes called the:
meninges
The ventral body cavities protect the:
visceral organs
the ventral body cavities are lined with double-layered membrane called the:
serosa
The inner layer
visceral serosa
the outer layer
parietal serosa
Between visceral serosa and parietal serosa is fluid called:
Serious fluid
Movement of skeleton
Muscular Tissue
What is an example of Muscular Tissue?
Beating of heart, movement of food through digestive system
Makes-up bone, cartiliage, and blood; connects organs together
Connective Tissue
Conducts electrical impluses through the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Nervous Tissue
Makes up skin, lining of internal pathways, and glands
Epithelial Tissue
Control center, contains genetic information
Nucleus
synthesizes proteins and ships them around the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
converts food into ATP
Mitochondria
transports material around the cell in sacs called vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
Breaks down waste
Lysosomes
aid in cell division
Centrioles
store nutrients and water
Vacuoles
the process of converting DNA code into an mRNA message
Transcription
The mRNA strand leaves the cell's nucleus and heads to the ribosome where proteins are made. Starting at the "start" codon, tRNA molecules bring in amino acids that match with the codons on the mRNA. These amino acids link together into a polypeptide chain, which eventually fold into a protein.
Translation
Why must cells divide?
when a cell grows too large, the processes of bringing in nutrients and removing waste become inefficient. To prevent this, cells divide on a regular cycle.
period of division in somatic body cells
-One parent cell makes 2 identical daughter cells
Mitosis
period of division is sex cells (gametes)
-one parent cell makes 4 different daughter cells
Meiosis
molecules move naturally from high concentration to low concentration, which does not require energy
Passive Transport
Larger molecules need to be helped across the membrane by channels made of proteins.
Facilitated diffusion
Moves molecules from low to high concentration. It does require energy
Active Transport
into cell
Endocytosis
out of cell
Exocytosis