Difficulty Breathing, Chest Pain / Cardiac dysrhythmia, changes in skin color, changes in vital signs, open bleeding wounds or visible punctures not indicated on the patient's chart, inability to move an extremity, Misshapen/misaligned body part, Disorientation or confusion, and severe cephalgia (headache)
Indications of emergency situations
How many compressions to breaths for chest compressions (CPR)?
30 to 2
how many minutes before the cells of the brain deteriorate?
4-6 minutes
what is the surgical technologist's main priority?
maintaining the sterile field.
a life-threatening acute pharmacogenetic disorder is?
Malignant Hyperthermia (MS)
How is Malignant Hyperthermia triggered?
by an anesthetic agent and/or triggered by muscle relaxants Succinylcholine.
What is used to treat Malignant Hyperthermia?
Dantroline
What is a pathological process in the body that occurs when the body begins to coagulate within the body?
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
An anaphylactic reaction is?
severe allergic reaction
what is used to treat anaphylactic reaction?
Epinephrine
How may DIC ( Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation ) be stimulated?
infection of the blood by bacteria or fungus, severe tissue trauma.
Hurricanes are categorized based off?
the wind 1-5
Earthquakes are measured through?
Richter scale
car accidents, terrorism, bioterrorism, Covid, anthrax, plague, small pox, and tularemia are all considered?
man-made disasters
Anthrax and small pox are identified as the two most likely biological agents to be used as?
bio weapons ( bioterrorism)
Triage Minor ->
green tag : Minor injuries
Triage Delayed ->
Yellow Tag: transport can be delayed, the airway is patent & stable
Triage Immediate ->
Red Tag: Treatment must be given in Golden Hour
Triage Expectant ->
Black Tag: injuries are severe and not expected to survive.
The stopping of loss of blood is?
Hemostasis
How is Hemostasis accomplished?
blood clot formation, mechanically and thermally
Coagulation is when?
body accomplishes Hemostasis on its own
Keeping track of irrigation fluid and blood loss ->
Irrigation
Weighing Sponges ->
dry weight subtracted from actual weight
Most common congenital defect?
bleeding disorder - Hemophilia
Liver Disease, Anticoagulant therapy, Aspirin stopped a week prior to surgery
these are all considered as?
Acquired hemostatic disorders
cost common HEMOSTAT ; Ligatures, clips, sponges, pledgets, bone wax, pressure device ->
Mechanical Hemostasis
what creates a bloodless field, is not a permanent way of achieving hemostasis?
Tourniquet
Fibrin glue: autologous and homologous ( this is considered)?
~ use of patients own plasma
Biological hemostasis
ESU (bovie), Lasers, Argon Plasma, ultrasonic harmonic scalpel is considered as?
Thermal Hemostasis
Absorbable gelatin, Absorbable collagen, silver nitrate, epinephrine, thrombin, oxidized cellulose are considered as?
Chemical hemostasis
Blood transfusion is considered as?
Homologous
Blood type AB is considered as?
a universal receiver
O- is considered as?
universal donor
Hemolytic reaction is?
a complication from blood transfusion
surgical site incision, or excision is considered as what type of wound?
Intentional wounds
trauma injury, open wound is considered as what type of wound?
unitentional wounds
skin remains intact but damage to tissue is what type of wound?
closed wound
integrity of skin is damaged is what type of wound?
open wounds
integrity of wound is compromised is considered as what type of wound?
simple wound
foreign body is what type of wound
complicated wound
ideal wound, healed by first intention is considered as?
clean wound
removing any necrotic tissue (debridement) is considered as what type of wound?
contaminated wound
pain, heat, redness, swelling, loss of function are all response to tissue damage... this is?
inflammatory process
first intention ->
ideal condition, heal from side to side, dead space has been eliminated
phase 1 of the first intention?
lag phase (inflammatory process)
phase 2 of first intention?
proliferation phase
phase 3 of first intention?
maturation of the differentiation phase.
Granulation is?
second intention
wound is left open to heal; tissue that contains fibroblasts forms in wound causing closure contraction... this is?
Granulation
Delayed Closure is?
wound is left open to heal by second intention then closed by primary intention
third intention
localized swelling filled with blood resulting from a break in a blood vessel is?
Hematoma
partial / total seperation of layer of tissue is?
Dehiscence
Abnormal attachment of two surfaces is?
Adhesion
formation of hypertrophic scar is?
Keloid
Protrusion of viscera through edges of a totally seperated wound is?
Evisceration
decreased oxygen to body part is?
Ischemia
Separation of wound that has not been closely approximated is?
Dead space
How to eliminate dead space?
suturing techniques, wound drained, and pressure dressing
Class 1 is?
clean
Class 2 is?
clean contaminated
class 3 is?
contaminated
class 4 is?
Dirty/ Infected
Meds taken routinely may have interaction with meds given during surgery and wound healing (anticoagulants) this is considered as?
Drug therapy
experience decrease in blood supply to irritated tissue is?
Radiation exposure
single strand, one thread, does not hold knots well, use when there is an infection
monofilament
many strands together (twisted or braided), would not be used if infection is present, better tensile strength, and more flexible
Multifilament
being capable of being absorbed by tissue
absorbable
does not absorb as fast
non absorbable
what suture material is used for orthopedic wounds and abdominal Fassa?
1 & 0
what suture material is used for aortic anastomosis
4-0, 5-0
what suture material is used for smaller vessel anastomosis?
6-0, 7.0
what suture material is used for ophthalmic (eye) & microvascular procedures?
8-0, 11-0
what suture material is used for subcuticular skin closures?
3-0, 4-0
what does it mean to have tensile strength?
suture has to be as strong as tissue being placed on
Silk suture ->
after 2 years is undetected
PDS suture ->
Most extended wound support
what is used to occlude vessels?
Ligatures
what is free tie?
pass string by itself
what is instrument tie? ( tie on a pass )
is tied to a hemostat
close eye needles cuase?
more tissue trauma
french needle cause?
more tissue trauma
swaged needle cause?
minimal trauma, most common
Traction suture ->
used to retract tongue
Umbilical tape is used?
to retract tissue / isolate for bowel
vessel loops are used for?
to stop blood flow and isolate
White/yellow vessel loops ->
nerves
blue vessel loops ->
vein
red vessel loops ->
artery
what is commonly used of resection anastomosis of the distal colon and rectum?
Intraluminal stapler