Pulse pressure is defined as
systolic pressure – diastolic pressure.
Beta-blockers are advocated in the management of heart failure because they
reduce cardiac output.
An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by????
positioning the arm above the heart level.
when systemic blood pressure is increased…what could happens?
heart attack or stroke
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the…What ?
conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle because it increases…..What?
afterload
which electrolytes is recommended in the management of high blood pressure?
sodium
Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as What kind of hypertension?
secondary
Critically ill patients may have parenterally administered vasoactive drugs that are adjusted according to their ……what kind of pressure.?
mean aterial
A patient has a history of falls, syncope, dizziness, and blurred vision. The patient’s symptomology is most likely related to what?
hypotension
High blood pressure increases the risk of which conditions? ALL OF THEM!!
heart disease, heart attack, and stroke.
Atherosclerosis puts a patient at risk for which problems?
ischemic stroke, retinal injury, renal impairment
Blood pressure is regulated on a short-term basis through which measures?
carotid, aortic baroreceptors, vasomotor center brainstem, >SNS, < PSNS.
An example of an acyanotic heart defect is______????
ventricular septal defect.
Constrictive pericarditis is associated with…What ?
impaired cardiac filling
Aortic regurgitation is associated with…What ?
diastolic murmur
Angina caused by coronary artery spasm is called _____ .
Prinzmetal variant
What compensatory sign would be expected during periods of physical exertion in a patient with limited ventricular stroke volume?
Tachycardia
A patient with a history of myocardial infarction continues to complain of intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. The likely cause of this pain is to WHAT?
stable angina
The majority of cardiac cells that die after myocardial infarction do so because of….WHAT?
apoptosis.
A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of
mitral regurgitation
Myocarditis should be suspected in a patient who presents with…What ?
acute onset of left ventricular dysfunction
Acute coronary syndrome in the presence of thrombosis may present with which manifestations? ALLL !!!OF THEM!!
Unstable angina, MI, sudden cardiac arrest
In which dysrhythmias should treatment be instituted immediately?
with ventricular rate 220 beats/minute
A laboratory test that should be routinely monitored in patients receiving digitalis therapy is
serum potassium
After sitting in a chair for an hour, an older patient develops moderate lower extremity edema. His edema is most likely a consequence of…What?
right-sided heart failure.
Low cardiac output to the kidneys stimulates the release of WHAT? from juxtaglomerular cells.
renin
The majority of tachydysrhythmias are believed to occur because of……..???
reentry mechanism
A patient is diagnosed with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). This patient is most likely described as a(n)…..WHAT
left chamber (left ventricle)
Which statement is true about the incidence of heart failure? Meaning …review all about heart failure!
heart failure is the fastest-growing cardiac disorder
increased hospitalization rates of heart failure reflect the aging population in the USA
incidence of heart failure is 10 per 1000 population after age 65
Right-sided heart failure is usually a consequence of which conditions…ALL OF THEM !!
elevated right ventricular afterload, right ventricular infarction.
The most common causes of heart failure include which of the following? AGAIN ALL ABOUT HEART FAILURE!!!
coronary heart disease
heart inflammation
high blood pressure
cardiomyopathy
an irregular heartbeat
Dysrhythmias are significant for which reasons? Again ALL REASON
your heart might beat too fast or too slowly. Or your heart's rhythm might be disrupted
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) has which effects on the heart? ALL THE EFFECTS
increased heart rate
hypertension
cardiac hypertrophy
atherosclerosis
Class II hypovolemic shock is characterized by WHAT!!!
tachycardia (rate >100 beats per minute)
tachypnea
decrease in pulse pressure
cool clammy skin
delayed capillary refill
slight anxiety
Cardiogenic shock is characterized by WHAT?
reduced cardiac output
Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for hypovolemic shock?
Crystalloids
Improvement in a patient with septic shock is indicated by an increase in..WHAT?
systemic vascular resistance
Hypotension associated with neurogenic and anaphylactic shock is because of????
peripheral pooling blood
NICE !!!!!question……In which stage of shock is a patient who has lost 1200 mL of blood, who has normal blood pressure when supine, but who experiences orthostatic hypotension upon standing?..AUCH !!! the challenging one
Class II, Compensated Stage
Massive release of histamine with consequent vasodilation and hypotension occurs with what type of shock?
anaphylactic
Sepsis has been recently redefined as……..??????
a systemic inflammatory response to infection