mechanism for evolution in which allelic frequencies change because the organisms that are best suited for a particular environment have higher survival and reproductive success and leave the alleles that code for those traits to the next generation.
natural selection
change of allelic frequencies in populations across time
evolution
Transfer of alleles from one population to another.
gene flow
group of individuals from the same species that share space and time.
population
passing of alleles and traits across generations.
inheritance
trait that has evolved through the mechanism of natural selection.
adaptation
mechanism for evolution in which allelic frequencies change due to chance.
genetic drift
differences among alleles that are in a population.
genetic variation
mechanism for evolution in which allelic frequencies change due to the appearance of a new allele in the population.
founder effect
When allelic frequencies change because a grand majority of individuals die because of random external factors
bottleneck effect
Identify key contributions of Darwin and Wallace to the theory of evolution
-Advantageous traits over time become adaptations
-Individuals with traits that provide an advantage in a given environment have a higher probability of surviving
-A trait that is advantageous in one environment might not be advantageous in a different environment
-Populations evolve through natural selection
homology present in only one taxon in a phylogeny.
autapomorphy
homology present in all the taxa in the phylogeny
symplesiomorphy
hypothesis of evolutionary relationships among taxa.
PHYLOGENY
trait that has evolved through the mechanism of natural selection.
ADAPTATION
method that allows determining which phylogeny is most probable based on the number of steps needed for the phylogeny to work.
Maximum parsimony
monophyletic group in a phylogeny.
clade
homology present in some of the taxa in the phylogeny.
synapomorphy
group of taxa in a phylogeny that share a common ancestor and all of its descendants.
monophyletic
group of taxa in a phylogeny that come from different ancestors.
polyphyletic
a section of a phylogeny that brings two clades together.
node
group of taxa in a phylogeny that share a common ancestor but not all of its descendants.
paraphyletic
extinct taxon that gives rise to two or more clades
common ancestor
trait that is shared by some taxa due to common ancestry.
homology
trait that is shared by some taxa due to convergent evolution.
analogy/homoplasy
the independent evolution of similar traits in some taxa.
convergent evolution
Darwin
Main theorist of theory of evolution
Aristotle
single scale, arrange all organism
bacteria to humans
divinely created
Fossils
remains or traces of organism from past
sedimentary rock
CUVIER
Catastrophism
mass or periodic extinctions
Louis agazzis
new species
multiple creation events
Lamarcks
species evolve through use and disuse
inheritance from acquired trait
Beagle voyage
he collected insects, birds and mammals and took detail notes
Galapagos islands
artificial selection
humans selectively breed certain individuals in a population to produce offspring with desirable traits.
Hutton
big change thru slow process over a long time
Lyell
changes in earth surface result from slow continuous actions
Thomas malthus
resources are limited.
competition for resources
what does cause all the biodiversity we see today?
evolutionary processes and genetic variation.