What is a microscope?
A piece of scientific equipment that makes it possible to study and explore specimens that are too small to view with the naked eye.
What is the study of cells?
Cytology
What is the study of tissues?
Histology
What is gross anatomy?
Structures large enough to see with the naked eye
What is a light microscope?
A visible light and lenses to magnify an image allowing small objects to be seen/
A light microscope can either be...
Simple or compound
What is resolution?
The ability to distinguish between two objects
The greater the resolution the...
smaller the distance between them
What is the normal resolution of the human eye?
about .2 mm
The best microscopes are able to magnify up to what?
2,500x
True or false. The microscope has two ocular lenses (binocular).
True
The ocular lens magnifies the image by a factor of what?
10 times
What is the objective lenses?
The revolving nosepiece that contains a set of objective lenses.
What do the lenses do?
Allow you to change the degree of magnification.
What are the 4 scanning objectives?
1. 4x scanning
2. 10x low power
3. 40x high power
4. 100x oil immersion
Why is referred to as the oil immersion objective?
Since it requires a drop of immersion oil on the slide to provide good resolution.
The unaided human eye can distinguish two objects that are at least...
.1 mm apart
The light microscope can distinguish objects that are...
1,000 times closer
Resolving factors are dependent on what 3 factors?
Angular aperture, refractive index, and wavelength of light
The shorter the wavelength of light, the...
greater the resolution of the objective
True or false. Numerical aperture is a pure number
True
Stage and stage clip
The flat surface the slide will go on. Also, can secure the clip.
Mechanical stage knobs
Knobs that help control the movement of the stage. (right/left and front/back)
Coarse focus and fine focus knowledge
Coarse focus - (larger one) will move the stage up and down.
Fine focus - (smaller one) will move the stage smaller amounts
Condenser lens
Helps captures and focuses light from the lamp.
Diaphragm
Allows you to adjust the amount of light passing through the slide by adjusting the lever.
Light Source
Emits light to illuminate the specimen for viewing through ocular lenses.
Base and arm
the bottom of the microscope that sits on the table and the arm is the vertical framework ascending from the base to the back of the microscope.
What are biomolecules?
Macromolecules found in living systems containing five or more carbon atoms linked together to form a chain.
What are the 4 key biomolecules organisms are composed of?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
What are organic compounds?
Substances that contain carbon, hydrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen
What is a nucleotide?
The basic structural unit of nucleic acids
What are indicators?
Special chemicals that change color (that is visible to the naked eye) in the presences of specific chemical substance.
What do carbohydrates do?
Provide substrate for cellular respiration which leads to energy production.
The basic building blocks for carbs are?
sugars(monosaccharides)
Two monosaccharides
Disaccharide
Multiple monosaccharides linked together
polysaccharide
What does the Benedict's test do? (know the colors it produces)
It detects reducing sugars.
(green=low, orange/yellow=high, and blue=none)
What does the Lugol's test do?
Identifies the presence of starch.
(Present=brownish, not present=no color change)
What are lipids?
Compounds that are insoluble in water. Used for energy
What is the most common lipid?
polymer triglyceride
What is Sudan VI?
A fat soluble dye that is water hating.
What is hydrophobic?
Water hating
What is hydrophilic?
Water loving
What is a "grease spot"?
The basis of a very simple test for fats
The basic unit of a protein molecule?
An amino acid
What is a bond between two amino acids?
A peptide bond. (A chain is called a polypeptide)
What does a ninhydrin reagent test for?
Alpha amino acid and proteins contain free amino and acid groups.
What is a free amino acid?
One that is not joined to another amino acid in a chain or ring.
What does the Biuret test detect?
The presences of proteins and short peptide chains of amino acids