What is matter?
anything that occupies space and has mass
what are the three physical shapes for matter?
liquid, solid, and gas
what are the characteristics for a solid?
has shape and volume
What are the characteristics for a liquid?
no shape and has volume
what are the characteristics for gas?
no shape, no volume
what is energy?
the ability to do work
what is kinetic energy?
includes moving objects
what is potential energy
not moving, has energy stored
what are elements
the most basic chemicals, periodic table
what are the elements that the body is mostly composed of?
oxygen 65%, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
what is the most abundant element in the body?
oxygen (65%)
what are trace elements?
elements that are found in the body that is very little
what are molecules?
when two or more identical elements bond
Ex: H2, C4, P4
What are compounds ?
the bond between at least two different elements
Ex: CO, CO2, H2S4O4
What are the types of chemical reactions?
1. synthetic reactions
2. decomposition reaction
3. exchange reactions
what are synthetic reactions?
at least two small molecules bond to make a bigger one.
Ex: A + B -> AB
what are decomposition reactions?
a large compound or chemical breaks down to smaller ones
Ex: AB -> A + B
what are exchange reactions?
the place of the chemical change
most of the body is made up of?
water
chemical reactions mostly happen where ?
in the water of the blood
what is acid?
any substance if dissolved in water releases hydrogen ions.
what is base or alkaline
any substance if dissolved in water releases hydroxide ions OH-
what is neutral
any substance if dissolved in water releases the same number of hydrogen ions H+ and hydroxide OH-
PH level of acid?
Ph<7
PH level of alkaline?
PH>7
PH level for neutral
ph=7
what are organic compounds?
Having both carbon and hydrogen, are larger, more complicated
what are inorganic compounds?
not having both carbon and hydrogen, are simpler, smaller
organic compounds include?
carbohydrates, lipids, fats, protiens, nucleic acid
inorganic compounds include?
water, salt (if add to water turns to ions), acid, and base
carbohydrates include three different elements
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Monosaccharides include?
glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides include?
maltose, sucrose, lactose
maltose is made up of?
glucose + glucose
sucrose is made up of?
glucose + fructose
lactose is made up of
glucose + galactose
Disaccharides has how many sugars?
two sugar rings
polysaccharides has how many sugars?
more than 2 sugar rings
Polysaccharides include?
glycogen, starch
glycogen is based on?
animal base, skeletal muscle, and liver
starch is based on?
plant base
what is the function of carbohydrates
the first source of energy
Lipids, Fat has?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
what are the three different types of lipids?
triglyceride
Triglyceride?
has a head and three tails
the head on a lipid is called?
glycerol
the "tails" on a lipid is called?
fatty acid chains
Triglyceride function?
body fat: cushion, source of energy, protection
Phospholipids?
has a phosphate, glycerol, and two fatty acid chains
phospholipid function?
cell membrane
structure of steroids?
four carbon rings
basic building blocks of steroid?
sex hormones, cholesterol, glucocorticoids such as cortisol, Mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone
steroids include
hormones, bile salt, vitamin D,
fat-soluble vitamins include
D, A, E and K
Basic building blocks for proteins
amino acids, peptide bond
polypeptide amino acid amount?
less than or equal to 50
protein amino acid amount?
More than 50
What is the primary structure of proteins?
chain
what is the secondary structure of protiens?
twisted or bended
what is the tertiary structure of proteins?
ball shape, Globular
what is the quaternary structure of protiens?
different balls
the function of structural protein?
participate in body structure, collagen
function of functional protein?
has a specific function which included enzymes, hormones and antibodies
function of enzymes?
catalyse chemical reactions, make it faster
function of hormones?
control body activities slowly
function of antibodies?
immunity, protect body against diseases and infection.
basic building blocks of nucleic acids is?
Nucleotides
What do nucleotides have?
sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
what is DNA
genetic information
How many strands do DNA have?
2 strands, double Helix
What is the component of the DNA strand?
deoxyribose, phosphate, and a nitrogen base
What is the nitrogen base for DNA
Adenine, Guanine, cytosine, Thymine
how many strands do RNA have?
one strand
RNA include?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
what are the components of RNA?
ribose, phosphate, nitrogen base
What is the nitrogen base for RNA?
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
What does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
what is ATP?
the energy inside accell?
if you have ATP and you want to release energy, you need to ?
remove one of the phosphate and then it turns in to ADP
ADP stands for?
adenosine diphosphate