All about Microbistatic
inhibit the growth of microorganisms by inhibiting a key enzyme or pathway such as bacterial cell wall synthesis
Disinfecting agents naturally produced by microorganisms are What?
antimicrobials
Why are endospores used to measure the effectiveness of autoclave sterilization?
endospores are very hard to kill
is not a Method of microbial control using moist heat?
these methods ARE:
boiling water
autoclaving
pasteurization
incineration is used for
to sterilize medical and other biohazardous waste before it is discarded with non-hazardous waste
therapeutic range of an antimicrobial is What?
range of concentrations at which the antimicrobial is both effective and non-toxic
The difference about Biosafety Level in the lab….
- BSL-1
- BSL-2
- BSL-3
- BSL-4
mechanism of action of vancomycin
inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to acyl-d-alanyl-dalanine to inhibit peptidoglycan polymerization
mechanism of action of ciprofloxacin is
inhibits dna gyrase needed for dna replication and cell division
Methicillin mode of action
inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) that are involved in the synthesis of peptidoglycan
Example mechanical vector transmission?
- mosquitos
- ticks
- flies
What happens with the droplet?
aerols may be involved in transmission of pathogens
Fomites are ………
inanimate objects involved in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens.
A reservoir is?
the habitat in which the agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies
All diseases go through the stages known as the incubation period, prodromal period, and illness.?
True
Composition of Plasma
- water
- electrolytes
- albumin
All About eosinophil function
host defense against parasites and promoting allergic reactions
process of phagocytosis involves all of the following EXCEPT
secretion of cytotoxins
All about lectin pathway of complement activation.
Mannose sugar occurs on the surface of some bacteria and fungi and can trigger the
Fever is beneficial during viral infection because the higher temperature, What ?
increases the effectiveness of interferons
antibody related to allergies????
igE antibody
All about T lymphocytes
- T cells
- White blood cells
- directly killing infected host cells
- activating other immune cells
- producing cytokines and
- regulating the immune response
lymphocytes of adaptive immunity called
B and T cells
type of immunity is produced by the body when a person contracts a disease
naturally aquired active immunity
adaptive immune response requires exposure….to what?
epitopes
skin is an effective barrier against invading microbes because…What?
the outer layers are dead and covered in salt
Normal skin microbiota are able to grow on the skin because????
sebum and salt
Staphylococcus aureus can resist penicillin because they produce….What ?
beta-lactamase
Rickettsias require What for energy production?
amino acid
Pityriasis' characteristic appearance is the result of What ????
fungal infection causing changes in the production of melanin
Poliovirus is transmitted ??
person to person, from the feces of an infected individual, that reach the mouth of another susceptible individual
Cryptococcal meningitis can affect both healthy and immunocompromised individuals
True
All about Rabies
- •Characteristic neurological signs if virus reaches CNS
- Hydrophobia, seizures, hallucination, paralysis
- •Rabies virus (ssRNA virus)
- •Transmitted via bite or scratch from an infected animal
- •Virus replicates in muscle cells and then moves into neurons
Viral meningitis is usually more serious than bacterial meningitis???
false
Clostridium botulinum can grow…where in the human body???? And age of the host?
- Intestines of infants
- Under 12 months
Picture of a rash…….very characteristic
Dengue hemorrhagic fever is the result of…What ?
infection with the mosquito-borne dengue fever virus
Another picture egg….related to parasites
bubonic and pneumonic plague…characteristics ….and differences
- Bubonic: Characterized by enlarged lymph nodes called buboes
- •Bubonic plague fatal in 50% of cases if untreated
- Pneumonic: •Occurs when the bacterium spreads to the lungs; Difficulty breathing can develop rapidly
- •Pneumonic plague fatal in 100% of cases if untreated
- Both: •Caused by Yersinia pestis
All about Cytomegalovirus
•Asymptomatic in most cases
•Complications in fetuses, newborns, and the immunodeficient
•Birth defects can occur when virus infects stem cells in an embryo or fetus
•Caused by Cytomegalovirus
•Diagnosed by identifying enlarged cells with inclusions
•No vaccine is available
Haemophilus influenzae is a common cause of sinus infections.??
True
All about "common cold"
- Symptoms of the common cold are sneezing, rhinorrhea (runny nose), congestion, sore throat, malaise, and cough
- Cold viruses reproduce most effectively at about 33°C, which is the temperature of the nasal cavity
- no vaccine against the more common cold viruses exists
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome can be transmitted…how?
when virus-containing particles from rodent urine, droppings, or saliva are stirred into the air
leading cause of HAP infections.?
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Cold viruses are prevented from infecting most areas of the body because these areas are either too warm or too acidic…
True
virulence factor of Vibrio cholera is
cholera toxin
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is primarily associated with what?
consumption of contaminated foods
Staphylococcal food poisoning is called an intoxication disorder because???
toxins produced by the bacteria growing in the food are ingested along with the food
primary treatment for viral gastroenteritis is
•Treatment is based on fluid and electrolyte replacement
the most severe type of Entamoeba histolytica infection????
Amebiasis
bacteria invade the kidney, the result can be…????
pyelonephritis
commonly the source of leptospirosis
- urine of infected animal or urine-contaminated water
- Normally lives in many wild and domestic animals
Neisseria gonorrhoeae most commonly infects which females?
- the cervix
- Pelvic inflammatory disease my develop
risk of developing toxic shock syndrome is increased by the use…..??
tampons
Gonorrhea in women is not a risk factor for sterility.
false