Biology Ch. 42, 48, 49, 50, 51 Flashcards

42.1) Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply?

A) The lungs of a vertebrae

B) The gills of a fish

C) The tracheal system of a insect

D) The skin of an earthworm

42.2) Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the

A) Left atrium

B) Right atrium

C) Left ventricle

D) Right ventricle

42.3) Pulse is a direct measure of

A) Blood pressure

B) Stroke volume

C) Cardiac output

D) Heart rate

42.4) When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

A) Rising O2

B) Falling O2

C) Rising CO2

D) Falling CO2

42.5) One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is

A) The number of heart chambers

B) A complete separation of circuits for circulation

C) The number of circuits for circulation

D) A low blood pressure in the systemic circuit

42.6) If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except

A) The pulmonary vein

B) The trachea

C) The right atrium

D) The right ventricle

42.7) Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arterioles has a

A) Higher PO2

B) Higher PCO2

C) Greater bicarbonate concentration

D) Lower pH

48.1) What happens when a resting neuron's membrane depolarizes?

A) There is a net diffusion of Na+ out of the cell

B) The equilibrium potential for K+ (Ek) becomes more positive

C) The neuron's membrane voltage becomes more positive

D) The cell's insides is more negative than the outside

48.2) A common feature of action potentials is that they

A) Cause the membrane to hyperpolarize and then depolarize

B) Can undergo temporal and spatial summation

C) Are triggered by a depolarization that reaches threshold

D) Move at the same speed along all axons

48.3) Where are the neurotransmitter receptors located?

A) The nuclear membrane

B) The nodes of Ranvier

C) The postsynaptic membrane

D) Synaptic vesicle membranes

48.4) Why are action potentials usually conducted in one direction?

A) Ions can flow along the axon in only one direction

B) The brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage gated Na+ channels

C) The axon hillock has a higher membrane potential than the terminals of the axon

D) Voltage-gated ion channels for both Na+ and K+ open in only one direction

48.5) Which of the following is the most direct result of depolarizing the presynaptic membrane of an axon terminal?

A) Voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open

B) Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane

C) Ligand-gated channels open, allowing neurotransmitters to enter the synaptic cleft

D) An EPSP or IPSP is generated in the postsynaptic cell

48.6) Suppose a particular neurotransmitter causes on IPSP in postsynaptic cell X and EPSP in postsynaptic cell Y. A likely explanation is that

A) The threshold value in the postsynaptic membrane is different for cell X and cell Y

B) The axon of cell X is myelinated, but that of cell Y is not

C) Only cell Y produces an enzyme that terminates the activity of the neurotransmitter

D) Cells X and Y express different receptor molecules for this particular neurotransmitter

50.1) Which of the following sensory receptors is incorrectly paired with its category?

A) hair cell-mechanoreceptor

B) snake pit organ-thermoreceptor

C) taste receptor-chemoreceptor

D) olfactory receptor- electromagnetic receptor

50.2) The middle ear converts

A) Air pressure waves to fluid pressure waves

B) Air pressure waves to nerve impulses

C) Fluid pressure waves to nerve impulses

D) Pressure waves to hair cell movements

50.3) During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber, calcium ions

A) Break cross-bridges as a cofactor in hydrolysis of ATP

B) Bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed

C) Transmits action potentials from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber

D) Spread action potentials through the T tubules

50.4) Which sensory distinction is not encoded by a difference in neuron identity?

A) White and red

B) Red and green

C) Loud and faint

D) Salty and sweet

50.5) The transduction of sound waves into action potentials occurs

A) In the tectorial membrane as it is stimulated by hair cells

B) When hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, that stimulates sensory neurons

C) As the basilar membrane vibrates at different frequencies in response to the varying volume of sounds

D) Within the middle ear as the vibrations are amplified by the malleus, incus, and stapes

50.6) Although some sharks close their eyes just before they bite, their bites are on target. Researchers have notes that sharks often misdirect their bites at metal objects and that they can find batteries buried under sand. This evidence suggests that sharks keep track of their prey during the split second before they bite in the same way that

A) A rattlesnake finds a mouse in its borrow

B) An insect avoids being stepped on

C) A star-nosed mole locates its prey in tunnels

D) A platypus locates its prey in a muddy river

49.1) Activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

A) Increases heart rate

B) Enhances digestion

C) Triggers release of epinephrine

D) Causes conversion of glycogen to glucose

49.2) Which of the following structures or regions is incorrectly paired with its function?

A) Limbic system-motor control of speech

B) Medulla oblongata-homeostatic control

C) Cerebellum-coordination of movement and balance

D) Amygdala-emotional memory

49.3) Patients with damage to Wernicke's area have difficulty

A) Coordinating limb movement

B) Generating speech

C) Recognizing faces

D) Understanding language

49.4) The cerebral cortex does not play a major role in

A) Short-term memory

B) Long-term memory

C) Circadian rhythm

D) Breath holding

49.5) After suffering a stroke, a patient can see objects anywhere in front of him but pays attention only to objects in his right field of vision. When asked to describe these objects, he has difficulty judging their size and distance. What part of the brain was likely damaged by the stroke?

A) The left frontal lobe

B) The right frontal lobe

C) The right parietal lobe

D) The corpus callosum

49.6) Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt

A) Regulation of body temperature

B) Short-term memory

C) Executive functions, such as decision-making

D) Sorting of sensory information

51.1) Which of the following is true of innate behaviors?

A) Their expression is only weakly influenced by genes

B) They occur with or without environmental stimuli

C) They are expressed in most individuals in a population

D) They occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals

51.2) According to Hamilton's rule

A) Natural selection does not favor altruistic behavior that causes the death of the altruist

B) Natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefits to the recipient, corrected for the relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist

C) Natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an offspring than altruistic benefits a sibling

D) The effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of direct natural selection individuals

51.3) Female spotted sandpipers aggressively court males and, after mating, leave the clutch of young for the male to incubate. This sequence may be repeated several times with different males until no available males remain, forcing the female to incubate her last clutch. Which of the following terms best describes this behavior?

A) Polygyny

B) Polyandry

C) Promiscuity

D) Certainty of paternity

51.4) A region of the canary forebrain shrinks during the the nonbreeding season and enlarges when breeding season begins. This change is probably associated with the annual

A) Addition of new syllables to a canary's song repertoire

B) Crystallization of subsong into adult songs

C) Sensitive period in which canary parents imprint on new offspring

D) Elimination of the memorized template for songs sung the previous years

51.5) Although many chimpanzees live in environments with oil palm nuts, members of only a few populations use stones to crack open the nuts. The likely explanation is that

A) The behavioral difference is caused by genetic differences between populations

B) Members of different populations have different nutritional requirements

C) The cultural tradition of using stones to crack nuts has arisen in only some populations

D) Members of different populations differ in learning ability

51.6) Which of the following is not required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection?

A) In each individual, the form of the behavior is determined entirely by genes

B) The behavior varies among individuals

C) An individual's reproductive success depends in part on how behavior is performed

D) Some component of the behavior is genetically inherited

Pollev: You raise a bird in total isolation. At adulthood this bird sings a natural-sounding song. What can we infer about song learning?

A) Song learning requires a tutor

B) Song learning only occurs during a sensitive period

C) Song is open ended

D) Song is innate

Pollev: Your patient reports they cannot move their right arm, despite still having sensations in the right arm. Which part of their arm might be damaged?

A) Afferent neurons in the spine

B) Right arm biceps and triceps

C) Left parietal hemisphere

D) Left cerebellar cortex

Pollev: After death, the body enters rigor mortis- a state where all muscles contract and the body tenses up. What step of the cross-bridge cycle must the sarcomeres be in during rigor mortis?

A) The myosin head is bound to ATP, but not to actin (Step 1)

B) The myosin head is bound to ADP+P, but not to actin (Step 2)

C) The myosin head is bound to ADP+P and also to actin (Step 3)

D) The myosin head is bound to actin, but not to ATP (step 4)

Pollev: Some medications block the reuptake of neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron in the synaptic cleft. What happens to the postsynaptic neuron as a result?

A) Neurotransmitters remain bound to ligand-gated ion channels longer, triggering more graded potentials

B) The neuron becomes hyperstimulated, increasing the magnitude of action potentials

C) Neurotransmitters remain bound to voltage-gated ion channels longer, triggering more action potentials

D) The response rate of the postsynaptic neuron stays the same because it does not respond to neurotransmitters

Pollev: Which is NOT an example of a respiratory exchange surface?

A) Gills

B) Lungs

C) Skin

D) Air sacs

Pollev: Which of the following statements about circulatory systems is true?

A) Circulatory systems are only found in terrestrial animals

B) Frogs use single circulation while mammals use double circulation

C) Arteries carry blood away from the heart while veins carry blood towards the heart

D) Leukocytes constitute a majority of blood composition