what is the term for an animal whose blastopore develops into the mouth
protostomes
what is the term for animals who lack an internal body cavity
acoelomates
what is the serial repetition of body parts in a bilaterally symmetrical animal
segmentation (metamerism)
What is the ability of a muscle cell to recoil and return to its original shape after being stretched?
elasticity
Which type of skeleton does an earthworm have?
hydrostatic skeleton
what type of muscles do earthworms use for movement
longitudinal, circular
what type of cleavage do protostomes have
spiral cleavage
what is the term for coelom formation by out-pocketing of the primitive gut
enterocoelom
what is the term for coelom formation by splitting of the mesoderm
schizocoelom
which germ layer is missing in an animal that diploblastic
mesoderm
what is the protein found in the outer layer of the epidermis that makes the skin tough
keratin
what is the lipid secreted onto the skin to prevent desiccation and to help condition the skin
sebaceous glands
what is the primary cell type that typifies bone connective tissue
osteocytes
what is the glandular secretion where the entire cell becomes a part of the secretion
holocrine gland
what type of muscle tissue has fibers connected at intercalated discs
cardiac muscle fibers
what word describes the homeostatic response of blood vessels to excessive cold
vasoconstriction
what are some adaptation or responses to conserve heat
insulation
which muscle type is responsible for movement
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
what is the name of the neuroligical cells that form the myelin sheath for neutrons in the peripheral nervous system?
Schwann cells
What type of functional classification do mammary glands posses
apocrine
What are examples of the skin/integumentary system
epidermis,dermis,hypodermis, glands, hair and nails
What are the thick protein filaments in a muscle fiber
myosin
what is the type of contraction where a muscle shortens and its attachment move
isotonic
which type of muscle fiber is highly aerobic and fatigues slowly
slow oxidate
glycolysis yields how many ATP per glucose
two
what is the ability of a muscle to recoil and return to its original shape after being stretch
elasticity
what are the extensions of the sarcolemma that depolarize when stimulated by a nerve impulse?
T-tubules
what is the net charge on the inside of the membrane of a neutron at resting membrane potential
negative
what gradient affects the flow of K+ through the neuronal membrane
concentration and charge potential
what is an example of a negative feedback system
blood glucose level maintenance, blood pressure, body temp regulation
which ion enters a neuron and depolarizes the membrane in response to an action potential
sodium ion
conduction velocity of a neuron is influenced by two things, what are these
neuron diameter and resistance to ion leakage
can graded potentials produce action potentials
yes
what are the two major class of hormones
peptide(protein) and tyrosine(derived)
what is the third, smaller class of hormones?
lipid (steriod)
Which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland and plays a role in metabolism and frog metamorphosis
thyroxin
what is the hormones that increases blood calcium and phosphate
parathyroid hormone
which of hormone promotes Na+ and Cl- resportion by the kidney
aldosterone
what type of molecule transports lipid hormones via the circulatory sytem
globulin
which animals use urea as a waste removal medium
mammals
which animals use uric acid as a waste removal medium
reptiles
which animals use ammonia as a waste removal medium
aquatic animals
which type of invertebrates have a closed circulatory system
earthworm and squids
which types of invertebrates have an open circulatory system
most invertebrates
in a capillary what are the conditions necessary for net outflow through the capillary wall to exceed net inflow? (Does blood pressure exceeds colloidal osmotic pressure or the other way around?)
Very small diameter causes low flow rates
Blood pressure exceeds colloidal osmotic pressure.
what is the fluid, made of both blood and interstitial fluid, in the open circulatory system of an insect called
hemolymph
is heart rate higher in smaller mammals/animals
yes
What is the closing or narrowing of blood vessels
atherosclerosis
What is the renal portal system
takes the blood from the caudal half of a reptiles body directly through the kidneys
what are the antigen presenting cells of the mammalian immune system
b-lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
what is the term for the opposite flow of water across the gills of a fish relative to the flow of blood within the gill caparillaries
countercurrent exchange
what are the gas exchange organs in birds called
parabronchi
In fish lacking swim bladders or those with high O2 requirements, the continuous motion of the fish to move water across the gills is called what?
Ram ventilation
what properties make an ideal gas exchange surface
large surface area, extremely thin, maximum concentration
What types of animals utilize ammonia as a waste removal medium
aquatic aminal
which group first shows distinct excretory organs
Protonephridium
what is the part of the nephron that filters blood plasma
bowmans capsule
Do ammonotelic animals secrete highly toxic uric acid that precipitates into a paste? (Did I state the question correctly?)
no
what is the effect of high solute load in the collecting duct of a nephron
high osmotic gradient and increase water reabsorption
what type of glandular secretion involves the release and disintegration of the entire cell and its contents to form the secretion
holocrine
which organ secretes lipase
pancreas
What is the digestive enzyme that is secreted by the stomach and is only active at low pH
pepsin
What is the enzyme secreted by the pancreas to take over protein disgestion in the duodenum, once pepsin is neutralized
trypsin
what is the name of the enzyme that breaks down lipids in the small intestine
lipase
what type of symmetry do sponges show
asymmetric
what level of organization do sponges show
cellula level
what is the primary characteristic for sponge classification
lack organs and specialized tissue
what are the flagellated cells which line the canals and cavities of sponges
choanocytes
what are the substances which comprise the sponge skeleton
spicules
what is the class for glass sponges
hexactinellida
what is the class for commerical sponge
demspongiae
what is the most complex type of sponge canal system
leuconid
what is the species of glass sponge represented
venus flower basket
do sponges have a sac-like body plan or tube-within-a tube-body plan?
sac like body
what are the thin flat cells that cover the surface of sponges
pinacocytes
what are the undifferentiated cells that move through the mesohyl (mesenchyme) of a sponge to phagocytize particles
archeocytes
what level of organization do we see in cnidarians
tissue level
do cnidarians have sensory organs
yes
what type of excretory sytem do cnidarians have
doesn't have one
how many germ layers do cnidarians posses
two
what term describes the nervous system of a jellyfish
cnidarian nervous system
what is the free-swimming morph of jellyfish
medusa
what are the stinging celss used by cnidarians
cnidocytes
what is the class for the portuguese man of war
hydrozoa
what is the phylum for sea anemones
anthozoa
do cnidarians show bilateral symmetry
bilateral
cnidarians have a sac-like body plan or a tube-within a tube body
sac-like body plan
what are examples of the classes of phylum cnidaria
jellyfishes, sea anemones, hydroids, corals
in what ways do cnidarians reproduce
asexual and sexual
what organ do ctenophorans use for locomotion
ciliated comb plates
what is the phylum for bipalium
platyhelminthes
what type of nervous system do planarians have
central nervous system
planarians (flatworms) what type of circulatory system
don't have one
what are the excretory cells in flatworm
flame cell
what reproductive methods do planarians use
asexual and sexual
what is the class for flukes
trematoda
what animal always serves as an intermediate host for flukes
snail
what are the segments of tapeworms called
proglottids
are flatworms the first animals that we studied to show bilateral symmetry
yes
are flatworms the first animals that we studied to show cephalization
yes
do planarians have a complete digestive tract
no
what are the reproductive segments of tapeworms
proglottids
which classes of flatworms are parasitic
flukes and tapeworms
are flatworms diploblastic or triploblastic
triploblastic
do flatworm have sac-like body plan or a tube within a tube a body plan
tube within a tube body plan
how many germ layers do we see in nematodes
three
which worms cause the condition elephantiasis
filarial
which roundworms migrate to the anal region at night to lay eggs, thereby causing itching in this region, and transfer of eggs?
pinworm
do nematodes show diploblastic or triplo germ layers
triplo
What type of body structure do nematodes have? are they the first
yes, round with a body cavity
are nematodes the first animals that we covered to show a complete digestive tract
yes
do nematodes have a sac-like body or a tube within a tube body
tube within a tube
What type of coelom do nematodes have
pseudocoelom
what type of muscles do nematodes possess
longitudinal muscles