DC US History Final Flashcards

Before he was elected president in 1912, Woodrow Wilson had been a a. Presbyterian minister.
b. state governor.
c. successful businessman.
d. Progressive Republican.
e. United States Senator.

As a governor of New Jersey, Woodrow WIlson established a record as a a. mild conservative.
b. reactionary.
c. man who would work with the party bosses.
d. moderate liberal.
e. passionate reformer.

In 1912, Woodrow Wilson ran for the presidency on a Democratic platform that included all fo the following except a call for a. antitrust legislation.
b. monetary reform.
c. dollar diplomacy.
d. tariff reductions.
e. support for small business.

When Jane Addams placed Theodore Roosevelt's name in nomination for presidency in 1912, it a. demonstrated that the Republican party supported woman suffrage.
b. ensured Roosevelt's defeat by William Howard Taft.
c. symbolized the rising political status of women.
d. showed that Roosevelt had lost touch with public opinion.
e. demonstrated his concern for international peace.

Theodore Roosevelt's New Nationalism a. pinned its economic faith on competition.
b. opposed consolidation of labor unions.
c. favored the free functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets.
d. supported a broad program of social welfare.
e. favored state rather than federal government activism.

Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom a. advocated social-welfare programs.
b. opposed fragmentation of big industrial combines.
c. favored small enterprise and entrepreneurship.
d. supported minimum-wage laws.
e. opposed banking and tariff reform.

The 1912 presidential election was notable because

a. it gave the voters a choice of political and economic philosophies.
b. personalities were the only issue of the campaign.
c. it was the first time women had the right to vote.
d. the Democratic party had split.
e. the Socialists were a serious third party.

Match each 1912 presidential candidate below with his political party.
A. Woodrow Wilson 1. Socialist
B. Theodore Roosevelt 2. Democratic
C. William Howard Taft 3. Republican
D. Eugene V. Debs 4. Progressive

a. A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
b. A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2
c. A-4, B-3, C-2, D-l
d. A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
e. A-2, B-4, C-3, D-l

According to the text, the runaway philosophical winner in the 1912 election was

a. socialism.
b. progressivism.
c. conservatism.
d. capitalism.
e. feminism.

In 1912 Woodrow Wilson became the first ____ elected to the presidency since the Civil War.
a. southern-born man
b. Democrat
c. lawyer
d. non-Civil War veteran
e. Presbyterian.

Woodrow Wilson was the first president since the Civil War who

Woodrow Wilson's attitude toward the masses can best be described as a. open contempt.
b. public support but private dislike.
c. faith in them if they were properly educated.
d. indifference.
e. trust in their natural common sense.

Woodrow Wilson's political philosopy included all of the following except a. faith in the masses.
b. scorn for the ideal of self-determination for minority peoples in other countries.
c. a belief that the president should provide leadership for Congress.
d. a belief that the president should appeal over the heads of legislators to the sovereign people.
e. a belief in the moral essence of politics.

As a politician, Woodrow Wilson was a. clever and agile.
b. a showman, like Teddy Roosevelt.
c. a man with the common touch.
d. willing to compromise with his opponents.
e. inflexible and stubborn.

Congress passed the Underwood Tariff because a. big business favored its passage.
b. President Wilson aroused public opinion to support its passage.
c. the general public had been demanding a higher tariff.
d. the tariff kept the graduated income tax from being enacted.
e. Wilson gained Western support for tariff reduction.

In 1913, Woodrow Wilson broke with a custom dating back to jefferson's day when he a. appointed members of his cabinet without regard to their party affiliation.
b. appointed a black man to the Supreme Court.
c. endorsed woman suffrage.
d. personally delivered his presidential address to Congress.
e. rode with his defeated predecessor to the inauguration.

When Woodrow Wilson became president in 1912, the most serious shortcoming in the country's financial structure was that the a. large banks were scattered too widely around the country.
b. Bank of the United States had been greatly weakened.
c. banking system had been overregulated by the federal government.
d. U.S. dollar was tied to gold.
e. currency was inelastic.

When Congress passed the Underwood Tariff Billin 1913, it intended the legistlation to

a. lower tariff rates.
b. raise tariff rates.
c. eliminate tariffs as a source of revenue.
d. essentially maintain the existing tariff schedule.
e. aid American farmers.

The 16th Amendment provided for

a. a personal income tax.
b. direct election of senators.
c. prohibition.
d. woman suffrage.
e. abolition of child labor.

The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 guaranteed a substantial measure of public control over the American banking system through the final authority given to the
a. Secretary of the Treasury.
b. president.
c. Senate.
d. regional banks.
e. Federal Reserve Board.

The Federal Reserve Act gave the government the authority to
a. increase the amount of money in circulation.
b. close weak banks.
c. govern federal banks without public control.
d. print paper currency.
e. none of the above.

The Clayton Anti-Trust Act a. held that trade unions fell under the antimonopoly restraints of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
b. regarded labor as an article of commerce.
c. helped Congress to control interstate commerce.
d. explicitly legalized strikes and peaceful picketing.
e. exempted farm cooperatives from antitrust action.

Because of the benefits that it conferred on labor, Samuel Gompers called the _____ "labor's Magna Charter

a. Federal Reserve Act
b. Underwood Tariff Act
c. Clayton Anti-Trust Act
d. Sixteenth Amendment
e. Workmen's Compensation Act

The first Jew to sit on the US supreme court, appointed by Woodrow Wilson was a. Felix Frankfurter.
b. Arsene Pujo.
c. Abraham Cahan.
d. Louis D. Brandeis.
e. Bernard Baruch.

Woodrow Wilson showed the limits of his progressivism by

a. opposing workingmen's compensation.
b. opposing the entry of women into politics.
c. vetoing the Federal Farm Loan Act.
d. refusing to appoint the Jewish Louis D. Brandeis to the Federal Trade Commission.
e. accelerating the segregation of blacks in the federal bureaucracy.

President Wilson broke diplomatic relations with Germany when

a) the Zimmerman note was intercepted and made public

b) Germany announced that it would wage unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic

c) news was received that a revolutionary movement had overthrown the czarists regime in Russia

d) Germany rejected Wilson's Fourteen Points for peace

e) it appeared that the German army would take Paris

The Zimmermann note involved a proposed secret agreement between

a) Britain and France

b) Russia and Germany

c) Germany and Mexico

d) Mexico and France

e) Germany and Canada

The U.S. declared war on Germany

a) in response to demands by American munitions makers

b) as a result of treaty obligations

c) because Wall Street bankers demanded it

d) after Mexico signed an alliance with Germany

e) after German U-boats sank four unarmed American merchant vessels

President Woodrow Wilson persuaded the American people to enter World War I by

a) appealing to America's tradition of intervention in Europe

b) convincing the public of the need to make the world safe from the German submarine

c) pledging to make the war "a war to end all wars" and to make the world safe for democracy

d) promising territorial gains

e) declaring that only the navy would be involved in combat

President Wilson viewed America's entry into World War I as an opportunity for the U.S. to

a) reestablish the balance of power in European diplomacy

b) expand America's territorial holdings

c) rebuild its dangerously small military and naval forces

d) establish a permanent military presence in Europe

e) shape a new international order based on the ideals of democracy

Of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, the one that he hoped would provide a system of collective security was the

a) reduction of armaments

b) League of Nations

c) abolition of secret treaties

d) guarantee of freedom of the seas

e) principle of national self-determination of peoples

The major problem for George Creel and his Committee on Public Information was that

a) he oversold Wilson's ideals and led the world to expect too much.

b) he relied too much on formal laws to gain compliance

c) the entertainment industry was not willing to go along with the propaganda campaign

d) U.S. allies refused to cooperate

e) the public was skeptical of government propaganda

Match each civilian administrator below with the World War 1 mobilization agency that he directed.
A. George Creel
B. Herbert Hoover
C. Bernard Baruch
D. William Howard Taft
1. War Industries Board
2. Committee on Public Information
3. Food Administration
4. National War Labor Board

When the U.S. entered World War I, it was

a) well prepared thanks to the foresight of Woodrow Wilson

b) well prepared militarily but not industrially

c) well prepared for land combat but not for naval warfare

d) well prepared industrially but not militarily

e) poorly prepared to leap into global war

During World War I, civil liberties in America were

a) protected by the Espionage Act

b) limited, but no one was actually imprisoned for his or her convictions

c) extended to everyone in this country, because the war was fought for democracy

d) protected for everyone except German-Americans

e) denied to many, especially those suspected of disloyalty

Two constitutional amendments adopted in part because of because of wartime influences were the 18th, which dealt with _________________, and the 19th, whose subject was _______________.

a) prohibition; an income tax

b) direct election of senators; woman suffrage

c) prohibition; woman suffrage

d) an income tax; direct election of senators

e) women suffrage; prohibition

As a result of their work supporting the war effort, women

a) in large numbers secured a foothold in the work force

b) finally received the right to vote

c) were allowed to join the air force

d) organized the National Women's Party

e) all of the above

During World War I, the government's treatment of labor could be best described as

a) fair

b) strict and financially unrewarding

c) extremely brutal

d) so good the right to form unions was finally granted

e) decent for native Americans but harsh for ethnic groups

The strikes and sabotage of the Industrial Workers of the World during WWI were

a) aimed at undermining the war effort

b) unjust

c) never taken seriously by the government

d) based on Samuel Gompers' union philosophy

e) the result of some of the worst working conditions in the country

Grievances of labor during and shortly after World War I include all of the following except

a) the inability to gain the right to organize

b) war-spawned inflation

c) suppression of the American Federation of Labor

d) violence against workers by employers

e) the use of African-Americans as strike breakers

The 1919 steel strike resulted in

a) the eight-hour workday

b) the right to bargain collectively

c) higher wages

d) a grievous setback crippling the union movement for a decade

e) a "general strike" in Seattle and Pittsburgh

The movement of tens of thousands of Southern blacks north during WWI resulted in

a) better race relations in the South

b) racial violence in the North

c) fewer blacks willing to be used as strikebreakers

d) a new black middle class

e) all of the above

Most wartime mobilization agencies relied on _____________ to prepare the economy for war.

a) congressional legislation

b) voluntary compliance

c) presidential edict

d) court decisions

e) business trade organizations

Most of the money raised to finance World War I came from

a) confiscation of German property

b) income taxes

c) tariffs

d) sale of armaments to Britain and France

e) loans

In an effort to make economic mobilization more efficient during World War I, the federal government took over and operated

a) the railroads

b) the merchant marine

c) heavy industry

d) American agriculture

e) the steel mills

The U.S. used all of the flowing methods to support the war effort except

a) encouraging people to buy war bonds

b) having "heatless Mondays" to conserve fuel

c) using government power extensively to regulate the economy

d) seizing enemy merchant vessels trapped in American harbors

e) restricting the manufacture of beer

During World War I the U.S. used naval vessels

a) made from concrete

b) purchased from Germany

c) from the Civil War era

d) none of the above

e) all of the above

When the U.S. entered WWI in 1917, most Americans did not believe that

a) the navy was obligated to defend freedom of the seas

b) it would be necessary to continue making loans to the Allies

c) the U.S. would have to ship war materials to the Allies

d) mobilization for war should be largely voluntary

e) it would be necessary to send a large American army to Europe

Those who protested conscription during World War I did so because a) they disliked the idea of compelling a person to serve b) the law required the registration of sixteen-year-old males c) women were included in the draft law d) substitutes could be hired to take someone's place e) there was racial discrimination in the military

During WWI, American troops fought in all of the following countries except a) Czechoslovakia b) Russia c) Belgium d) Italy e) France

The "champion of the dispossessed"—that is, the poor and minorities—in the 1930s was
a. Harold Ickes.
b. Alfred E. Smith.
c. Eleanor Roosevelt.
d. Frances Perkins.
e. Harry Hopkins.

The 1932 Democratic party platform on which Franklin Roosevelt ran for the presidency called for
a. repeal of prohibition.
b. deficit spending.
c. higher tariffs.
d. adherence to the gold standard.
e. breaking up monopolistic corporations

In 1932 Franklin Roosevelt campaigned on the promise that as president he would attack the Great Depression by
a. nationalizing all banks and major industries.
b. mobilizing America's youth as in wartime.
c. returning to the traditional policies of laissez-faire capitalism.
d. continuing the policies already undertaken by President Hoover.
e. experimenting with bold new programs for economic and social reform.

The phrase "Hundred Days" refers to
a. the worst months of the Great Depression.
b. the time it took for Congress to begin acting on President Roosevelt's plans for combating the Great Depression.
c. the first months of Franklin Roosevelt's presidency.
d. the "lame-duck" period between Franklin Roosevelt's election and his inauguration.
e. the time that all banks were closed by FDR.

One striking feature of the 1932 presidential election was that
a. the South had shifted to the Republican party.
b. Democrats made gains in the normally Republican Midwest.
c. urban Americans finally cast more votes than rural Americans.
d. women played a less active role in the campaign than before.
e. African-Americans became a vital element in the Democratic party.

While Franklin Roosevelt waited to assume the presidency, Herbert Hoover tried to get the president-elect to cooperate on long-term solutions to the Depression because
a. he and Roosevelt had similar ideas on programs to combat the hard times.
b. the Hawley-Smoot Tariff was up for immediate renewal.
c. he hoped to bind his successor to an anti-inflationary policy that would make much of the New Deal impossible.
d. he wanted to show how willing he was to cooperate with the political opposition.
e. he hoped to avoid historical blame for failing to address the Depression.

When Franklin Roosevelt assumed the presidency in March 1933,
a. Congress refused to grant him any legislative authority.
b. he knew exactly what he wanted to do.
c. he received unprecedented congressional support.
d. he wanted to make as few mistakes as possible.
e. he at first proceeded cautiously.

As World War II began for the United States in 1941, President Roosevelt
a) led a seriously divided nation into the conflict
b) endorsed the same kind of government persecution of German-Americans as Wilson had in World War I
c) called the American people to the same kind of idealistic crusade with the same rhetoric that Wilson had used in World War I
d) decided to concentrate first on the war in Europe and to place the Pacific war on hold
e) declared that the first strategic goal was recovery from Pearl Harbor

Once at war, Americans first great challenge was to
a) pass a conscription law
b) raise an army and navy
c) extend aid to the Soviet Union
d) develop atomic weapons
e) retool its industry for all-out war production

Overall, most ethnic groups in the United States during World War II
a) were further assimilated into American society
b) were not allowed to serve in the military
c) had their patriotism questioned as in World War I
d) cast their vote for Republican candidates opposed to the war
e) served in ethnically distinct military units

Japanese-Americans were placed in concentration camps during World War II
a) due to numerous acts of sabotage
b) in retaliation for the placement of Americans in concentration camps by the Japanese
c) as a result of anti-Japanese prejudice and fear
d) because many were loyal to Japan
e) all of the above

The minority groups most adversely affected by Washington's wartime policies was
a) German-Americans
b) blacks
c) Japanese-Americans
d) American communists
e) Italian-Americans

In the 1800s the Japanese government drove many Japanese farmers off their land by
a) confiscating property for military bases
b) forcing them to work in factories
c) conscripting them into the military
d) imposing a steep land tax
e) refusing to let them grow rice

In the period from 1885 to 1924, Japanese immigrants to the U.S. were
a) poorly educated
b) primarily from the island of Hokkaido
c) some of the poorest people to enter the country
d) exclusively farmers
e) select representatives of their nation

When the U.S. entered World War II in December 1941,
a) it took nearly two years for the country to unite
b) the conflict soon b3ecame an idealistic crusade for democracy
c) the government repudiated the Atlantic Charter
d) a majority of Americans had no clear idea of what the war was about
e) the idea of allying with the Communist Soviet Union was repugnant

During World War II, the United States government commissioned the production of synthetic __________ in order to offset the loss of access to prewar supplies in East Asia.

a. textiles
b. rubber
c. tin
d. fuels
e. plastics

While American workers, on the whole, were committed to the war effort, several unions went on strike. The most prominent was the
a. Teamsters.
b. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.
c. Longshoremen's International Union
d. United Mine Workers.
e. Industrial Workers of the World.

During World War II,

a. there were no strikes by any unions.
b. unions actively combated racial discrimination.
c. farm production declined.
d. for security reasons, the bracero program with Mexico was temporarily halted.
e. labor unions substantially increased their membership.

The employment of more than six million women in American industry during World War II led to

a. equal pay for men and women.
b. a greater percentage of American women in war industries than anywhere else in the world.
c. the establishment of day-care centers by the government.
d. a reduction in employment for black males.
e. a strong desire of most women to work for wages.

The main reason the majority of women war workers left the labor force at the end of WW II was

a. union demands.
b. employer demands that they quit.
c. male discrimination on the job.
d. government requirements to hire veterans.
e. family obligations.

African-Americans did all of the following during World War II except
a) fight in integrated combat units
b) rally behind the slogan "Double V" (victory over dictators abroad and racism at home)
c) move north and west in large numbers
d) form a militant organization called the Congress of Racial Equality
e) serve in the Army Air Corps

Which one of the following is least related to the other four?

a. Smith-Connally Act
b. A. Philip Randolph
c. Fair Employment Practices Commission
d. racial discrimination in wartime industry
e. proposed "Negro March on Washington."

. Big-government intervention got its biggest boost from
a) the New Deal
b) World War II
c) the Depression
d) World War I
e) the Cold War

The northward migration of African-Americans accelerated after World War II because
a) the southern system of sharecropping was declared illegal
b) Latinos had replaced blacks in the work force
c) Mechanical cotton pickers came into use
d) northern cities repealed segregation laws
e) the South made it clear that they were not wanted

During World War II, American Indians
a) demanded that President Roosevelt end discrimination in defense industries
b) rarely enlisted in the armed forces
c) moved south to replace African-American laborers
d) moved off reservations in large numbers
e) promoted recovery of tribal languages

By the end of World War II, the heart of the United States' African-American community had shifted to
a) Florida and the Carolinas
b) southern cities
c) the Pacific Northwest
d) Midwestern small towns
e) northern cities

The national debt increased most during
a) Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal
b) Herbert Hoover's administration
c) World War II
d) World War I
e) the 1920s

Most of the money raised to finance World War II came through
a) tariff collections
b) excise taxes on luxury goods
c) raising income taxes
d) voluntary contributions
e) borrowing

The first naval battle in history in which all of the fighting was done by carrier-based aircraft was the Battle of
a) Leyte Gulf
b) the Java Sea
c) the Coral Sea
d) Midway
e) Iwo Jima

The tide of Japanese conquest in the Pacific was turned following the Battle of
a) Leyte Gulf
b) Bataan and Corregidor
c) the Coral Sea
d) Midway
e) Guadalcanal

The Japanese made a crucial mistake in 1942 in their attempt to control much of the Pacific when they
a) failed to take the Philippines
b) unsuccessfully attacked the oil-rich Dutch East Indies
c) overextended themselves instead of digging in and consolidating their gains
d) sent their submarine force on a suicide mission at the Battle of Midway
e) attacked Alaska and the Australia

In waging war against Japan, the United States relied on a strategy of
a) heavy bombing from Chinese air bases
b) invading Japanese strongholds in Southeast Asia
c) fortifying China by transporting supplies from India over the Himalayan "hump"
d) "island hopping" across the South Pacific while bypassing Japanese strongholds
e) turning the Japanese flanks in New Guinea and Alaska

The conquest of ________________ was especially important, because from there Americans could conduct round-trip bombing raids on the Japanese home islands.
a) Guadalcanal
b) Wake Island
c) New Guinea
d) Okinawa
e) Guam

The Allies won the Battle of the Atlantic by doing all of the following except
a) escorting convoys of merchants' vessels
b) organizing Allied "wolf packs" to chase down German U-boats
c) dropping depth charges from destroyers
d) bombing submarine bases
e) deploying the new technology of radar

Hitler's advance in the European theater of war crested in late 1942 at the Battle of Battle of ________________, after which his fortunes gradually declined.
a) the Bulge
b) Stalingrad
c) Monte Casino
d) Britain
e) El Alamein

The Allies postponed opening a second front in Europe until 1944 because
a) they hoped that Germany and the Soviet Union would cripple each other
b) men and material were needed more urgently in the Pacific
c) the Soviet Union requested a delay until it could join the campaign
d) they believed that North Africa was more strategically important
e) of British reluctance and lack of adequate shipping

The Allied demand for unconditional surrender was criticized mainly by opponents who believed that such surrender would
a) encourage the enemy to resist as long as possible
b) be impossible to obtain
c) be unacceptable to the Soviets, who had already suffered terrible casualties
d) result in an armistice whose terms would lead to war, much as the Treaty of Versailles had led to World War II
e) discourage anti-Hitler resisters

President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill announced at their wartime conference in Casablanca that their principal war aim was to
a) destroy the last remnants of European imperialism
b) promote the national independence of all European nations
c) contain the postwar power of the Soviet Union
d) force the unconditional surrender of both Germany and Japan
e) create an effective postwar Atlantic alliance

In 1945, Japan

The United States used the atomic bomb on Japan primarily to: