Prokaryotes have
no nuclear membrane
The three domains are
bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
Bacteria first appeared
3.5 billion years ago
green and purple sulfur bacteria
-photosynthetic - use H2 for metabolism
photosynthetic
Autotrophs which get energy from light from the sun, light trapping
chlymidia
can grow inside the cell, intracellular parasites
can cause:
trachoma (eye infection), chymidia STI
mycoplasma
has no cell wall, very small, found in plants, soil, and animals, mycoplasma pneumonia, an antibiotic that will affect protein synthesis
theomargarita epulopiseium
the largest bacteria to be found in a mine in africa
rickettsias
can grow inside human cells
multiplies inside its
host
rocky mountain fever
caused by ticks -> vectors
only thing that can enter cells are
viruses
Mendosicutes
archaea with unusual cell walls
Tenericutes
lack a cell wall, soft
Grancilicutes
gram negative
firmicutes
gram positive
a culture has to be ____________ for accurate results
young
LPSA
appears only in gram negative bacteria, 1st to make a person sick
gram negative cells are made of
a cell membrane, cell wall, and a cell membrane
what characterizes gram positive cells?
techoic and lipotechoic acid
some bacteria do not have
a cell wall
penicillin can
affect the synthesis of peptidoglycan (stops synthesis of cell wall)
enzymes construct
peptidoglycan
the cell wall is made up of
2 different carbohydrates and a bridge of amino acids
which
makes peptoglycan
the cell wall of bacteria can be
thin or thick, depending on the bacteria
gram negative
have a thin cell wall, appear red
gram positive
have a thick cell wall, appear purple
mycobacterium
(leprae and TB) have a waxy outer layer
the cell envelope is made up of
- glycocalyx (slime layer or capsule)
- cell wall
- cell membrane
other bacteria will develop a sticky layer to
Survive longer (useful for attachment)
some bacteria have a capsule because
it makes them more resistant (hard capsule made up of sugar)
Conjugation
genetic recombination of bacteria that occurs through the pilus
human e.coli can produce
insulin
bacteria can be inserted genes through
the plasmid
bacteria with one flagella on one end and 3 flagella on the other end
amphilopotrichous
Bacteria with no flagella
atrichous
bacteria with flagella all over the cell surface
peritrichous
bacteria with three flagellum at the same end
lophotrichous
bacteria with two flagellum at opposite ends
amphitrichous
bacteria with one flagellum at one end
monotrichous
plasmid
little round pieces of DNA, resistant to chemicals.
Pilli function
sex organ
touches another bacteria and links to the plasmid
Fimbrae function
appendages for attachment
flagellum function
movement, made of proteins, can rotate 360 degrees
bacteria has
small pieces of ribosomes (protein and ribosomal RNA)
all cells have
ribosomes (eukarya and bacteria)
the appendages of bacteria are
flagellum, fimbrae, pilli
if the DNA of bacteria were to be stretched out
it would be 1000x the length of the bacteria
e.coli + shigella = new strain of e.coli, this is known as
genetic recombination
shigella
first originated in japan, produces shigatoxin