4 basic categories of disease
congenital
infectious
inherited
degenerative
congenital disease
disease you are born with (defect)
infectious disease
disease caused by a microorganism
inherited disease
a genetic disorder
degenerative disease
disease that occurs over time due to environmental factors (smoking, age, obesity, etc)
Elements of a disease
etiology
diagnosis
prognosis
symptoms
treatment
etiology
cause of a disease
diagnosis
the identification of a disease based on symptoms, tests, observations and history
symptoms
signs indicating an illness
treatment
medication or therapies used to alleviate symptoms and disease
prognosis
predicted outcome of having the illness
Main organs of the Cardiovascular System
heart
arteries
veins
capillaries
arterioles
venules
blood
Main organs of the Respiratory system
nose, nasal cavity, mouth, oral cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs, diaphragm
Parts of the stethescope
bell: low pitched sounds
diaphragm: high pitched sounds
tubing
ear piece
Tools to asses cardiovascular system
EKG
auscultation
heart rate
blood pressure
systole
contraction
diastole
relaxation
Lubb sound of the heart
closing of the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral)
Dupp sound of the heart
closing of the semilunar valves (pulmonic valve, aortic valve)
What stimulates the heart to contract?
sinoatrial node (pacemaker)
What does SOAP stand for?
S-subjective (what the patient tells you)
O-objective ( doctor observations, tests)
A-assessment (diagnosis)
P-plan (what is the treatment and prognosis)
Two main cavities in the body
Dorsal (in the back, holds the cranial and spinal cavities)
Ventral (in the front of the body, holds the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities)
Which cavity holds the heart and lungs?
the thoracic cavity
3 stages of respiration
external respiration
internal respiration
cellular respiration
the stages of breathing (ventilation)
inspiration
expiration
hypertention
high blood pressure (bp over 130/80)
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi
emphysema
occurs when the walls of the alveoli deteriorate and lose their elasticity
epistaxis
nose bleed
tachycardia
rapid heart rate
mitral valve stenosis
narrowing of the bicuspid or mitral valve
4 major techniques of the physical exam
auscultation: listening to the sounds of heart, lungs, abdomen
palpation: feeling of the body
percussion: tapping parts of the body
observation: looking and perceiving
horizontal recumbent (supine)
laying on one's back
examination of the front of the body
prone
lying on the stomach
examination of the back
Fowler's position
sitting at a 45 degree angle
aids in breathing
reduces distress
Trendelenberg position
head is lower than the feet
increase circulation to the head
BMI
body mass index
normal 18.5-24.9
weight in kg/height in m2
indicates if the weight is normal, underweight or overweight
Tools to check vision
Snellen Chart
Ishihara test: color blindness
Jaeger system:
S1 sound
lubb sound (closing of AV valves)
listen to the apex of the heart area (T,M)
S2 sound
dupp sound (closing of semilunar valves)
listen to the base of the heart area (A and P)
Irregular sounds
S3, S4, murmur
Lung auscultation
Anterior: upper lobes of lungs
Posterior: lower lobes of lungs
Listen for inspiration/expiration, pitch, quality, character (wheezing, ronchi, rales, etc)
bowel auscultation
listening for sounds of working intestines
hypoactive: slow to no sounds (slow movement, sleep, medicine)
hyperactive: lots of sounds (gas, diarrhea, after eating)