be able to label the parts of the urinary system
afferent/efferent arteriole, renal artery, renal vein, nephron, glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, bowman's capsule
three main functions in the urinary system
filtration, reabsorption, secretion
cells lining bowman's capsule
podocytes
net pressure between capillaries and urine during filtration
10mmHg
how sodium is reabsorbed into the peritubular capillary
facilitated diffusion from the filtrate, active transport with sodium ATPase stimulated by aldosterone
how other ions and molecules are reabsorbed
use sodium energy
last ion to be reabsorbed
Mg+2
diabetes insipidus
people don't secrete enough ADH, excess urination
treatments for diabetes insipidus
nasal spray ADH, manitol
how carrier protein number is maximized
microvilli increase surface area
diabetes mellitus
carrier proteins for sugar have reached maximum capacity
why you can't drink ocean water
maximizes sodium carrier capacity, prevents water reabsorption and kills you by dehydration
what all secretion of substances is driven by
ATP
effect of excess secretion of drugs into the urine
kidney damage
proteins most sensitive to pH change
receptors, channels, and carrier proteins
type of cells most immediately impacted by shape change
neurons
why pH change influences protein function
influx of -OH or H+ can break ionic bonds between protein loops
acidosis' most immediate impact
calcium channels close
alkalosis' most immediate impact
sodium channels open
what acidosis can cause
coma from nervous system shutting down
what alkalosis can cause
convulsions/tetanic contractions from uncontrolled action potentials
treatment for alkalosis
oral ammonium chloride
sources of acid in acidosis
carbonic acid, lactic acid, acetoacetic acid, acetyl CoA, phosphoric acid, loss of bicarbonate
origin of carbonic acid buildup
inadequate respiration
origin of lactic acid buildup
anaerobic respiration
origin of acetoacetic acid buildup
diabetes
origin of phosphoric acid buildup
kidney failure
cause of loss of bicarbonate
diarrhea
where acid is removed in the body
lungs, kidneys
treatment for acidosis
sodium bicarbonate
causes of kidney failure
heart failure, accumulation of toxic products, sudden drop in blood volume, infection, diabetes, bladder cancer, kidney stones
treatments for kidney failure
diet, dialysis, transplant
dialysis
semi permeable membrane, liquid includes sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, heparin