NUTRITION AND METABOLISM Flashcards

ALL chemical reactions in body

Chemical reactions: BREAK DOWN complex organic molecules

Chemical reactions: COMBINE simple molecules to FORM complex molecules

Formation of glycogen to store glucose

Glucose -> Glycogen

Pathway of which glycogen break down to glucose

Glycogen -> Glucose (if blood glucose is down)

Formation of sugar from non sugars (fats and protein)

A substance in food the body uses to promote normal growth, maintenance and repair

• Cannot be made by the body in sufficient quantities to meet the body's needs
  must be obtained by diet.

1. carbohydrates
2. proteins
3. fats
4. vitamins
5. minerals
6. water

• Can find in: eggs, milk, fish and most meats
• Meet all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth

• Nutritionally incomplete
• Low in one or more of the essential amino acids

• Bind to ingested lipids and are absorbed with their digestion products (through lymph)
• Stay in the body much longer than water-soluble vitamins
• Too many fat-soluble vitamins can be toxic

• Absorbed along with water through the GI tract
• Usually excreted usually within 1 hour

• Vita A, D, E & K

• B-complex vitamins
• Vitamin C

• Acts as coenzyme
• Deficiencies: beriberi, anemia, pellagra

• Maintains connective tissues

Deficiency: scurvy, bleeding gums

• Good for eyes and skin

Deficiency: night-blindness OR permanent blindness

• Bone growth & absorption of Calcium

Deficiency: rickets in children

• Antioxidant

• Blood clotting

Deficiency: severe bleeding

• bone growth
• muscle contraction
• blood clotting

• bone growth
• tooth formation
• APT & nucleic formation

• Hemoglobin synthesis: transport oxygen from lungs to tissues

• Formation of thyroid hormones

• Acid base balance
• Water balance

• Mostly plants
• Energy source and fibers

• Animal products: meats and dairy
• Absorb fat soluble vitamins
• Cholesterol used in bile salt & steroid hormone

• Found in all major food group
• Coenzymes to help enzymes do their job

• Amino acids to be used for energy, they must be deaminated (their amine group NH2) must be removed
• Leftover of amino acid is converted to pyruvic acid
• Enter the Krebs cycle

1. Glucose reacts with ATP
2. ATP gives off energy; change to ADP
3. Glucose changes into G3P
4. NAD+ gains an electron and hydrogen; changes into NADH.
5. NADH is sent to the Electron Transport Chain
6. ADP changed into ATP; ATP is used throughout the cell
7. G3P changed into pyruvic acid
8. The pyruvic acid is sent to the Krebs cycle.

• Aerobic generate more ATP and relies on oxygen
• Anaerobic does not need oxygen but only creates 2 ATP molecules per glucose

1. Beta oxidation is the initial phase; occurs in the mitochondria
2. Fatty acid chains are broken apart into two-carbon acetic acid fragments and coenzymes (FAD and NAD+)
3. Each acetic acid molecule is fused to coenzyme A, forming acetyl CoA
4. Acetyl CoA then enters the citric acid cycle where it is oxidized to CO2 and H2O

• acetoacetic acid
• B-hydroxybutyric acid
• acetone

• Ketogenesis
• Liver converts acetyl CoA molecules to ketone bodies or ketones
• Released into the blood

• Removal of an amine group as ammonia
• Ammonia is used to synthesize urea in the liver

Transfer of an amine group from one amino acid to another

Used to synthesis nonessential amino acids

• Converts excess ammonia into urea in mitochondria of liver cells
• The urea forms->enters the bloodstream -> filtered by kidneys->excreted in urine

If energy is not needed

Glucose can be broken down to acetyl CoA then synthesized into triglycerides and stored