Ureters
long tubes connecting kidney to bladder
(smooth muscle walls to push urine)
Urinary bladder
hollow, muscular sac
(temporary urine reservoir (expands and contracts))
urethra
tube connecting bladder to external opening
micturition
to make urine
end stage renal disease
irreversible, gradual, progressive deterioration of kidney function
end stage renal disease signs
progressive weakness, anorexia, diarrhea, pruritus(itching), ployuria
chronic renal failure
kidneys are unable to preform day to day activity
end stage renal disease
dietary restriction of protein, sodium, and potassium
antiemetics for vomiting/nausea
control hypertension
Renal Calaculi
Concentrations of mineral salts (calculi)
Kidney, ureter, bladder, or urethra
Renal Calculi signs
may be asymptomatic, ureterolith: intense pain, urinary urgency, Nephroliths: dull back/abdominal pain, Nausea, vomiting, chills, fever, hematuria
Renal Calculi risk factors
family or personal history, dehydration, diet (high in protein, sodium, sugar), certain disease and medications, drinking lots of soft drinks
renal calculi treatment
remove and prevent, increase fluid intake, small stones may be surgically removed(lithectomy, lithotripsy), if infection, prescribe antibiotics, analgesics: pertaining to without pain (pain medications)
urethral blockage
bladder unable to empty properly
relaxed pelvic floor
increase abdominal pressure
bladder oversensitivity from infections
neurological disorders
urinary incontinence
loss of bladder control
urinary incontinence treatment
bladder training, double voiding, scheduled urination, fluid management, pelvic floor muscle exercises, medications
cystoscopy
examination of the urinary bladder (biopsies, polypectomy, pathological)
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
lab test that determines amount of nitrogen in the blood from urea, indicator of kidney failure
urinalysis
urine screening test, physical observation, chemical tests, microscopic evaluation
voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)
x-ray of bladder and urethra, preformed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging
catheterixation
insertion of catheter into a body cavity/organ, can install substance or remove fluid, urethra into bladder to withdraw urine (very common)
hemodualysis
blood is diverted into a dialysis machine for filtering
diuretics
treat edema and stimulate urine flow
antidiuretic
reduce urination
nephro, reno
kidney
uretero
ureter
cysto, vesico
bladder
uro, urino
urine, urinary system
urethro
urethra
-pexy
fixation
-uria
in the urine
uremia
too much urea in the blood
enuresis
nocturnal urination
gynecology
treat disorders of the female reproductive system
obstetrics
treat and care for pregnant women and during childbirth (midwives)
neonatology
treat newborns
urology
treat male reproductive and urinary system and female urinary system
ovaries
produce hormones: puberty, menstruation, pregnancy
produce and mature eggs (ova/ovum)
fallopian tubes
pathway ovum travels from ovary to uterus
uterus
muscular organ that houses embryo from implantation to birth
specialized linings that "shed" under hormonal direction
vagina
muscular tube extending from cervix to body exterior
organ of sexual intercourse
passageway for fetus during childbirth
clitoris
organ of sexual arousal (erectile tissue highly innervated with sensory nerves)
vulva
external genitalia: labia (lips) majora and minora
protection
mammary glands
glandular located in breasts
produce milk (lactation): post reproduction
testes
secrete hormone (testosterone): develops and maintains maleness
produce sperm
epididymis
storage for sperm prior to ejaculation
vas deferens (aka ductus deferens)
transports sperm from epididymis to EJ
seminal vesicle
produces much of semen
ejaculatory duct
transports semen to urethra (which then expels semen from the body)
prostate gland
produces fluid to promote sperm movement
muscular contractions aid in ejaculation
penis
erectile tissue surrounding urethra
gestation
carrying in the womb/uterus
parturition
childbirth/act of giving birth
ovario
ovary
colpo, vagino
vagina
hystero, utero
uterus
cervico
cervix
mammo, masto
breast
vulvo, episio
vulva
nato
birth
lacto
milk
gyneco
female
andro
man
meno
menstruation
prostato
prostate
balano
glans penis (tip)
epididym
epididymis
perineo
perineum
gonado
gonad (sex gland)
vaso
vessel
testo
testes
spermato, spermo
sperm
-para
birth
-tocia
labor, childbirth
laparoscopy
visual exam of abdominal and pelvic cavities of females with a lighted instrument
Hormone replacement therapy
corrects estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone deficiencies
Oral contraceptives/birth control pills
synthetic hormones prevent pregnancy
treat menstrual disorders
colposcopy
examination of cervix, vagina, vulva with a colpscope
breast cancer treatments
lumpectomy
mastectomy
chemotherapy
combinations of surgical removal, radiation, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy
breast cancer
associated with ovarian/hormonal function
breast cancer risk factors
high fat diet
family history
HRT
breast cancer symptoms
early: swelling, tenderness, lump, dimpling, nipple retraction, nipple discharge
advanced: nodularity, redness, edema, breast enlargement or shrinkage
ectopic pregnancy
fertilized ovum implants and grows in places other than the uterus (often inside fallopian tube)
ectopic pregnancy symptoms
early pregnancy signs
abdominal pain/tenderness
slight vaginal bleeding
if fallopian tubes ruptures: bleeding, severe pain
ectopic pregnancy treatment
laparotomy
remove ruptured FT
blood transfusion
endometriosis symptoms
abdominal pain
infertility (scar tissue, adhesions)
menorrhagia (heavy periods)
painful intercourse
endometriosis diagnosis
pelvic exam
ultrasound
laparoscopy'
endometriosis
endometrium grows outside of the uterus
vasectomy
male sterilization
bilateral ligation of vas deferens to prevent sperm passage
outpatient surgery
testicular torsion
rotation of testicle causes twisting of spermatic cord and reduced blood flow to the testis (age range 12-16)
testicular torsion causes
unclear
inherited trait increases risk
vigorous activity, minor injury to testicle
testicular torsion symptoms
sudden, intense pain or swelling of the scrotum
abdominal pain
testicle at an unusual angle
painful urination
fever, nausea, vomiting
testicular torsion treatment
emergency surgery to try to save the testicle
digital rectal exam
exa, of prostate by finger palpation though the anal canal and rectum
detects prostate enlargement
should be done yearly after age 40
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
overproliferation of cells within the prostate
men >50
benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms
obstructed urinary flow: dysuria, nocturia, dribbling, urinary frequency, urinary incotinence
hydronephrosis of severe
benign prostatic hyperplasia treatment
microwave therapy using heat
vaporization of prostate using electrical current
needle ablation using radio waves
laser surgery
transurethral resection of the prostate