Final Patho Flashcards

_________ is a form of spina bifida in which a saclike cyst filled with CSF protrudes through the spinal defect but does not involve the spinal cord.

Prerenal acute kidney injury may be caused by

It is true that the synthesis of thyroid hormones

The anemia resulting from a deficiency of either vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin) or folate is caused by a disruption in DNA synthesis of the blast cells in the bone marrow that produces very large abnormal bone marrow cells called megaloblasts.

The underlying pathogenic mechanism for type 1 diabetes is

A patient is exhibiting severe dyspnea and anxiety. The patient also has bubbly crackles in all lung fields with pink, frothy sputum. This patient is most likely experiencing

A college student living in a dormitory reports a stiff neck and headache and is found to have a fever of 102°F. This information is most consistent with

Obstructive disorders are associated with

The most appropriate treatment for secondary polycythemia is

A type of shock that includes brain trauma that results in depression of the vasomotor center is cardiogenic.

Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with

Cor pulmonale refers to

Gastrointestinal drainage, perioperative and postoperative hypotension, and hemorrhage may all contribute to renal failure by causing

Asthma is categorized as a(n)

A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) is

A level of ____ on the Glasgow Coma Scale indicates likely fatal damage.

Acceleration-deceleration movements of the head often result in polar injuries in which

The primary source of erythropoietin is provided by the

The earliest manifestation of scleroderma is

The most common site affected in Paget’s disease is the

In contrast to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis may be associated with

Metabolic alkalosis is often accompanied by

________ occurs when a brainstem impaired patient exhibits a persistent rhythmic or jerky movement in one or both eyes.

It is true that gallstones are

When a patient experiencing nephrotic syndrome asks, “What causes my urine to be so full of protein,” the nurse’s response is based on the knowledge that

The best intervention for acute kidney injury (AKI) is prevention.

Which assessment would support a diagnosis of type A COPD rather than type B COPD

Excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion can cause _____ concentration.

The most common primary immune deficiency that affects only B cells is

Bone healing may be impaired by

A cause of thrombocytopenia includes

Signs and symptoms of clinical dehydration include

Infection can lead to bladder stone formation.

The patient most at risk for postrenal acute kidney injury is a(n)

Neuromuscular disorders impair lung function primarily because of

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rheumatic disease attributed to

Lactated Ringer solution and normal saline are commonly used crystalloid solutions that contain electrolytes.

Which electrolyte imbalances cause increased neuromuscular excitability?

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is

RhoGAM (an Rh antibody) would be appropriate in an Rh-_____ woman with an _____ Rh-_____ antibody titer carrying an Rh-_____ fetus.

It is true that polycystic kidney disease is

The pathophysiologic basis of acute glomerulonephritis is

Hepatitis with the presence of autoantibodies and positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA) is

Legionnaires disease is characterized by

Most sensory afferent pain fibers enter the spinal cord by way of the ________ nerve roots.

Clinical manifestations of hypoparathyroidism

Brain injury secondary to high serum bilirubin is called

How do clinical conditions that increase vascular permeability cause edema?

Excessive red cell lysis can be detected by measuring the serum

A clinical finding consistent with a hypoglycemic reaction is

The stage of spinal shock that follows spinal cord injury is characterized by

Cancer grading is based on

It is true that growth hormone excess in adults

Findings that should prompt an evaluation for renal cancer include

In addition to renal colic pain, signs or symptoms of ureteral stones may frequently include

Widespread activation of the clotting cascade secondary to massive trauma is called

The final step in clot formation is

A ureterocele is

What is necessary for red blood cell production?

Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following?

The most common direct cause of acute pyelonephritis is

Compartment syndrome occurs secondary to

A patient, age 3, has vesicoureteral reflux. “Why does that make him have so many bladder infections?” asks his mother. The nurse’s best response is

Hyperlipidemia occurs in nephrotic syndrome because

Diabetes insipidus is a condition that

Chronic bronchitis often leads to cor pulmonale because of

The fraction of total body water (TBW) volume contained in the intracellular space in adults is

Rupture of a cerebral aneurysm should be suspected if the patient reports

The finding of hypotension, rigid abdomen, and absent bowel sounds in a patient with pancreatitis

Myxedema coma is a severe condition associated with

Proton pump inhibitors may be used in the management of peptic ulcer disease to

A patient who should be routinely evaluated for peptic ulcer disease is one who is

A potential risk factor for breast cancer includes

If an individual has a fully compensated metabolic acidosis, the blood pH is

The condition in which the urethra opens on the dorsal aspect of the penis is known as

Propylthiouracil may be used to treat hyperthyroidism, because it

Barrett esophagus is a

Secondary injury after head trauma refers to

A patient with chronic gastritis would likely be tested for

The relationship of blood flow (Q), resistance (R), and pressure (P) in a vessel can be expressed by which equation?

Referred pain may be perceived at some distance from the area of tissue injury, but generally felt

A patient who has difficulty walking without assistance is incontinent of urine when help doesn’t get to her quickly enough. The term for this type of incontinence is

Transfusion reactions involve RBC destruction caused by

The hypersecretion of mucus resulting for chronic bronchitis is the result of

Which disorder usually causes skeletal pain and involves significant bone demineralization from vitamin D deficiency?

Constrictive pericarditis is associated with

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except

Hepatitis B is usually transmitted by exposure to

The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is

The majority of cases of anaphylactic shock occur when a sensitized individual comes in contact with

When preparing for the admission of a client diagnosed with bronchiectasis, the nurse will

Which intervention has been found to retard the advancement of chronic kidney disease?

Excessive vomiting in pregnant women is known as

The final stage of gout, characterized by crystalline deposits in cartilage, synovial membranes, and soft tissue, is called

The chief pathologic features of osteoarthritis are

Steroids may be used in the management of acute exacerbation of symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis, because

A progressive decrease in the force of the urinary stream, dribbling of urine, and difficulty initiating the urinary stream are characteristic of

Appropriate therapy for prerenal kidney injury includes

A 52-year-old female had a surgical procedure in which the breast, lymphatics, and underlying muscle were removed. The procedure performed was a

A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis would be

A person is unaware that his bladder is full of urine, but complains that he is leaking urine almost constantly. The most accurate term for this type of incontinence is

In older women, osteoporosis is thought to be primarily because of

Bacterial pneumonia leads to hypoxemia caused by

Esophageal varices represent a complication of ________ hypertension.

Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for hypovolemic shock?

The major cause of death from leukemic disease is

A patient is diagnosed with heart failure with normal ejection fraction. This patient is most likely characterized by a(n)

The therapy that most directly improves cardiac contractility in a patient with systolic heart failure i

Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as _____ hypertension.

A diagnostic laboratory finding in myeloma is

Appropriate management of end-stage renal disease includes

Complete healing of a bone fracture occurs when

Copious amounts of foul-smelling sputum are generally associated with

Patients with acute pancreatitis are generally made NPO and may require continuous gastric suctioning in order to

In individuals who have asthma, exposure to an allergen to which they are sensitized leads to which pathophysiologic event?

Phimosis is a disorder of the penis characterized by

When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic

Untreated acute cholecystitis may lead to ________ of the gallbladder wall.

Hypertrophy of the right ventricle is a compensatory response to

Administration of a vasodilator to a patient in shock would be expected to

An example of inappropriate treatment for head trauma would be

Hypotension is both a cause of chronic kidney disease and a result of chronic kidney disease.

It is true that encephalitis is usually

Fecal leukocyte screening would be indicated in a patient with suspected

A risk factor for osteoporosis is

Which complication of asthma is life threatening?

The HPV vaccine is recommended for 11- to 12-year-old girls, but can be administered to girls as young as _____ years of age.

The consequence of an upper urinary tract obstruction in a single ureter is

Patients with immunodeficiency disorders are usually first identified because they

Glomerular disorders include

Left-sided heart failure is characterized by

What problem is a patient likely to experience in end-stage renal disease?

The condition associated with end-stage chronic renal disease that is the most immediately life threatening is

Chronic elevation of myocardial wall tension results in atrophy.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the

While in the hospital for management of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), a patient develops severe thrombocytopenia. The most appropriate action for this condition is

Which is indicative of a left tension pneumothorax?

Renal insufficiency is a common complication of which disease?

The majority of cardiac cells that die after myocardial infarction do so because of

Signs consistent with a diagnosis of glomerulonephritis include

In which stage of shock is a patient who has lost 1200 mL of blood, who has normal blood pressure when supine, but who experiences orthostatic hypotension upon standing?

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of

What effect do demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis have on neurotransmission?

Which dysrhythmia is thought to be associated with reentrant mechanisms?

Red blood cells obtain nearly all their energy from metabolism of

Activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by

What is the effect on resistance if the radius of a vessel is halved?

A patient has been hospitalized several times in 6 months with severe ECV depletion and hypokalemia resulting from chronic laxative abuse. Which blood gas results should be relayed to the physician?

A person who experiences a panic attack and develops hyperventilation symptoms may experience

The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is

Which acid are the kidneys unable to excrete?

A silent abdomen 3 hours after bowel surgery most likely indicates

An increase in ADH secretion occurs in response to

How is a patient hospitalized with a malignant tumor that secretes parathyroid hormone–related peptide monitored for the resulting electrolyte imbalance?

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?

Healing of a fractured bone with a poor alignment is called

In general, the best prognosis for long-term disease-free survival occurs with

Osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus control the release of

What reproductive tract disorder is most likely to be associated with urinary stress incontinence?

A patient with pure left-sided heart failure is likely to exhibit

Rheumatoid arthritis involves joint inflammation caused by

A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of

A patient with a productive cough and parenchymal infiltrates on x-ray is demonstrating symptomology of

A common characteristic of viral pneumonia is

What age group has a larger volume of extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid?

In general, with aging, organ size and function

Angina caused by coronary artery spasm is called _____ angina.

Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1 contribute to shock states because they induce production of

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular

Coagulative necrosis is caused by

A person with acute hypoxemia may hyperventilate and develop

Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include

What indicator is most helpful in evaluating long-term blood glucose management in patients with diabetes mellitus?

Individuals with end-stage chronic renal disease are at risk for renal osteodystrophy and spontaneous bone fractures, because

Certain autoimmune diseases are associated with the presence of specific proteins on a person’s cells. These proteins are called ________ proteins.

The effect on the renal tubules during the postoliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis involves

The body compensates for metabolic alkalosis by

Epigastric pain that is relieved by food is suggestive of

A patient with renal disease is at risk for developing uremia as the nephrons progressively deteriorate, because

A patient who experiences early symptoms of muscle twitching, cramping, and stiffness of the hands may be demonstrating signs of

Calcium oxylate stone formation is facilitated by

Which disorder is considered a primary immunodeficiency disease?

The first indication of brain compression from increasing intracranial pressure (ICP) may be

A patient diagnosed with diabetes, smokes a pack of cigarettes daily and eats very few green leafy vegetables. After experiencing a fractured toe, this patient is at risk for

Somatic death refers to death

Which statement is true about the incidence of multiple sclerosis?

The urinalysis finding most indicative of cystitis includes the presence of

Allostasis is best defined as

The dementia of Alzheimer disease is associated with structural changes in the brain, including

The most commonly ordered diagnostic test for evaluation of the urinary system is

Diabetes mellitus is the ________ leading cause of death and a major cause of disability in the United States.

A patient with heart failure who reports intermittent shortness of breath during the night is experiencing

A patient presenting with muscle cramps, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and prolonged Q-T intervals on EKG may be showing symptoms of

The cause of the most common form of anemia is

The finding of ketones in the blood suggests that a person may have

A primary effector cell of the type I hypersensitivity response is

Which characteristic is indicative of hemolytic anemia?

Insulin binding to its receptor on target cells results in

In patients with polycystic kidney disease, renal failure is expected to progress over time as the cystic process destroys more nephrons. At what point will a patient reach end-stage renal disease?

It is recommended that women of childbearing age take folic acid daily for prevention of

Red blood cells differ from other cell types in the body, because they

A thyroid gland that grows larger than normal is known as

The primary reason that prolonged seizure activity predisposes to ischemic brain damage is that

The most common presenting sign/symptom with rheumatic fever is

Clinical manifestations of severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia are caused by

Muscular dystrophy includes a number of muscle disorders that are

Respiratory acidosis may be caused by

The only known curative treatment for CML is allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from a suitable donor.

After being diagnosed with hypertension, a patient returns to the clinic 6 weeks later. The patient reports “moderate” adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes and has experienced a decreased from 165/96 to 148/90 mm Hg in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?

Gouty arthritis is a complication of

Nephrotic syndrome involves loss of large amounts of ________ in the urine.

Obstructive sleep apnea would most likely be found in a patient diagnosed with

Hyperaldosteronism causes

A patient being treated for hepatic encephalopathy could be expected to receive a(n) ________ diet.

A patient injured severely in a motor vehicle accident is hospitalized with acute kidney injury as well as multiple broken bones and lacerations. When family members ask what is meant by the term ‘prerenal,’ the nurse responds

Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is

Proto-oncogenes

High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle, because it increases

What compensatory sign would be expected during periods of physical exertion in a patient with limited ventricular stroke volume?

Fully compensated respiratory acidosis is demonstrated by

A person who is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome is also experiencing hypoalbuminemia. This happens because

Parkinson disease is associated with

In which dysrhythmias should treatment be instituted immediately?

Urinary retention with consistent or intermittent dribbling of urine is called

Which treatment is helpful in neuropathic pain but not used for acute pain?

The definitive treatment for cholecystitis is

The most important determinant for prescribing therapy for acute stroke is

An important mediator of a type I hypersensitivity reaction is

Paget’s disease is characterized by

Dramatic hypotension sometimes accompanies type I hypersensitivity reactions, because

The most common causes of prehepatic jaundice are ________ and ineffective erythropoiesis.

One of the most common causes of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include

It is true that Graves disease is

Ankylosing spondylitis is characterized by

A person who overuses magnesium-aluminum antacids for a long period of time is likely to develop

Myocarditis should be suspected in a patient who presents with

What is the most likely explanation for a diagnosis of hypernatremia in an elderly patient receiving tube feeding?

What form of viral hepatitis is likely to be transmitted sexually?

What type of fracture generally occurs in children?

Diabetic neuropathy is thought to result from

Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except

What laboratory data would support a diagnosis of hemochromatosis?

The major cause of glomerulonephritis is

The infection frequently associated with development of postinfectious acute glomerulonephritis is

Which change in a patient’s assessment has the greatest urgency?

Disseminated intravascular coagulation may be treated with heparin therapy to

Which vessel normally demonstrates the most rapid blood flow?

A patient who was involved in a fall from a tree becomes short of breath. The lung sounds are absent on one side. This patient is experiencing ________ shock.

The goal of long term heparin for the management of a deep vein thrombosis is to

Nephrotic syndrome does not usually cause

Which clinical finding is indicative of compartment syndrome?

An increase in the resting membrane potential (hyperpolarized) is associated with

The most common sign/symptom of renal calculi is

A laboratory test result that helps confirm the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is

A patient has a positive Chvostek sign. The nurse interprets this as a sign of