Chapter 3 Developmental Psychology Flashcards

Period of the Zygote

Period of the Embryo

Period of the Fetus

Teratogens

When is the developing organism the most vulnerable to teratogens?

What is the most widely used and potent teratogen?

When the blastocyst burrows deep into the lining

Helps keep the temp of the prenatal world constant and provides a cushion against any jolts caused by the woman's movements

Tiny hairlike villi, or blood vessels, emerge, surrounds the amnion

Permits food and oxygen to reach the organism and waste products to be carried away.

A tiny stalk and eventually grows to a lenth of one to three feet. One large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste products

The ectoderm folds over to form the ______ which will become the spinal cord and brain

At the end of the 3rd month the ____ trimester is complete.

A white cheeselike substance that protects skin from chapping during the long months spent bathing in the amniotic fluid.

white, downy hair that appears over the body, helping the vernix stick to the skin

The point at which the fetus can first survive, occurs sometimes between 22 and 26 weeks

A range of physical, mental , and behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure

Distinguished by a slow physical growth, a pattern of three facial abnormalities (short eyelid openings, a thin upper lip, a smooth or flatneded philtrum, or indentation running from the bottom of the nose to the center of the lip.

Characterized by two of the three facial abnormalities, mothers drank in smaller quantities

At least three areas of mental functioning are impaired, despite typical physical growth and absence of facial abnormalities.

When the mother is rh negative and the father is rh positive

3 stages of childbirth?

To assess the newborn's physical condition quickly, doctors use what scale?

Examples of things in the apgar scale?

The number of deaths in the first year of life per 1000 live births-is an index used around the world to assess the overall health of a nation's children

An inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation

Degrees of sleep and wakefulness

Brain wave activity is remarkably similar to that of the waking state. The eyes dart beneath the lids; heart rate blood pressure, and breathing are uneven; and slight body movements occur.

during regular sleep, the body is almost motionless, and heart rate, breathing and brain-wave activity are slow and even

The unexpected death, usually during the night, of an infant under 1 year of age that remains unexplained after thorough investigation

Fineness or discrimination is limited for the eyes

Evaluates the newborn's reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, responsiveness to physical and social stimuli, and other reactions

What happens during the 3rd stage of labor?

The sucking reflex permits feeding. Which of the following is consistent with the proximodistal trend of body growth?

The _______ is associated with conception; it secretes hormones that prepare the lining of the the uterus to receive the fertilized ovum

What is the generalized outcome of the dose of the teratogen?

What is the proposed role of the sense of smell in the lives of organisms?

Explain what is meant by the unique vocal signiture of the infant?

The newborn’s state of arousal, what is one possible outcome on mental development for babies who spend more time being alert?

During the prenatal period, the head devlops more rapidly than the lower part of the body.

Growth preceeds for the head, literally, form "near to far"--from the center of the body outward.

Nerve cells that store and transmit infromation

Tiny gaps where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch

Neurons send messages to one another by releasing chemicals called ______, which cross the synapse.

Neurons that are seldom stimulated soon lose their synapses, in a process called ___that returns neurons not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state so they can support future development

If few neurons are produced after the prenatal period, what causes the dramatic increase in brain size during the first two years?

Surrounds the rest of the brain, resembling half of a shelled walnut. It is the largest, most complex brain structure-accounting for 85 percent of the brain's weight and containing the greatest number of neurons and synapses.

Researchers study the timing of the brain lateralization to learn more about _________.

The young brain's rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences--opportunities to see and touch objects, to hear language and other sounds, and to move about and explore the environment.

Consists of additional growth and refinement of est. brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that occur throughout our lives, varying widely across individuals and cultures.

A wasted condition of the body caused by diet low in all essential nutrients. It usually appears in the first year of life when a baby's mother is too malnourished to produce enough breast milk and bottle-feeding is also inadequate.

Caused by an unbalanced diet very low in protein.

A growth disorder resulting from lack of parental love, is usually present by 18 months of age. Infants who have it show all the signs of marasmus.

When a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response

Before learning takes place, an unconditioned stimulus must consistently produce a reflexive, or unconditioned _____

If learning has occurred, the neutral stimulus by itself produces a response similar to the reflexive response. The neutral stimulus is then called a ______, and the response it elicits is called a conditioned response.

Infants act, or operate, on the environment, and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again.

A stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response

Removing a desirable stimulus or presenting an unpleasant one to decrease the occurrence of a response

Refers to a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation

A change in environment that causes responsiveness to return to a high level, an increase called ________.

By copying the behavior of another person

specialized cells in motor areas of the cerebral cortex in primates. They fire identically when a primate hears or sees an action and when it carries out that action on its own

Mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex systems of action. When motor skills work as a system, separate abilities blend together, each cooperating with others to produce more effective ways of exploring and controlling the environment.

Milestones of reaching

Spans the first 2 years of life for Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory

Specific psychological structures -organized ways of making sense of experience

Building schemes through direct interaction with the environment

During ________ we use our current schemes to interpret the external world.

We create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that our current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely

A process that takes place internally, apart from direct contact with the environment. Once children form new schemes, they rearrange them, linking them with other schemes to create a strongly interconnected cognitive system.

It involves stumbling onto a new experience caused by the baby's own motor activity. As the infant tries to repeat the event again, a sensorimotor response that first occurred by chance becomes strengthened into a new scheme.

Coordinating schemes deliberately to solve simple problems.

The understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight

The ability to remember and copy the behavior of models who are not present

A child acts out everyday and imaginary activities

Researchers may habituate babies to a physical event to familiarize them with a situation in which their knowledge will be tested.

Babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems, or core domains of thought. Each of these prewired understandings permits a ready grasp of new, related information and therefore supports early, rapid development.

Used to operate on and transform it, increasing the chances that we will retain information, use it efficiently, and think flexibly, adapting the information to changing circumstances.

Where sights and sounds are represented directly and stored briefly

When we actively apply mental strategies as we "work" on a limited amt. of information

Directs the flow of information. It decides what to attend to, coordinates incoming info with info already in the system, and selects, applies, and monitors strategies.

Our permanent knowledge base

Noticing when a stimulus is identical or similar to one previously experienced it.

More challenging because it involves remembering something not present

That most of us can not retrieve events that happened to us before age 3?

We can recall many personally meaningful one-time events from both the recent and the distant past: the day a sibling was born, a birthday party, or a move to a new house-recollection know as ____________.

A range of tasks that the child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled parents

Indicates the extent to which the raw score (number of items passed) deviates from the typical performance of same-age individuals

Giving the test to a large, representative sample and using the results as the standard for interpreting scores

Most scores cluster around the mean, or average, with progressively fewer falling toward the extremes

Infant scores do not tap the same dimensions of intelligence measured at older ages, they are conservatively labeled ___________ rather than IQs.

A checklist for gathering information about the quality of children's home lives through observation and parental interview

Standards devised by the U.S. National Association for the Education of Young Children, specify program characteristics that serve young children's developmental and individual needs, based on both current research and expert consensus.

A measure of bone development

What is used to examine brain-wave patterns for stability and organization?

Detect the general location of brain-wave activity in the cerebral cortex

Shows three dimensional pictures of the entire brain, detecting blood flow and oxygen metabolism magnetically, yielding a colorful, moving picture of parts of the brain used to process information or perform an activity

A Neuroimaging technique that works well in infancy and early childhood

Uncertain access to enough food for a healthy, active life

Control over actions that help infants get around in the environment, such as crawling, standing, and walking.

Smaller movements, such as reading and grasping

Dynamic systems theory of motor development joint factors

A clumsy motion in which the fingers close against palm

Infants use the thumb and index finger opposably in a well-coordinated _______.