A&P ll Final Review Flashcards

The ___ are channels between cardiac muscles cells that are found within the intercalated discs

The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is termed ___

The network of nerve fibers found lining the ventricle walls are called ___

A condition in which the myocardium is partially contracting in an disorganized manner with no effective pumping action is called ___

The serous membrane that surrounds the heart and contains the pericardial fluid is called ___

ventricle depolarization =

atrial depolarization =

ventricle repolarization =

time in which no action potentials are being generated =

smaller heart chambers =

inside lining of the heart chambers =

carries blood to the cardiac muscle tissue between the atria and ventricles =

chambers that contain trabeculae carneae =

makes up the interatrial septum

empties into the right atrium =

same as the epicardium =

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle each heart beat is called the:

An increase in the afterload pressure results in:

Which blood vessel has the highest concentration of oxygen?

Damage to which of tissues would affect the resistance of blood flow throughout the body?

An ECG (EKG) provides information about:

Ventricular contraction

In order for blood to enter the heart

Which of the following is longer?

The chordae tendineae:

During ventricular diastole, the:

The purpose of having valves in the cardiovascular system is to

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called the

Which blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?

The AV node is important because it

Which blood vessel would contain the greatest volume of blood?

Select the best statement about blood flow.

Which statement best describes arteries?

The portion of the cardiac conduction system located in the interventricular septum is the:

The delay in the AV node

What is not correct concerning the location of the heart

The second sound of the heart occurs when:

As a result of the extended absolute refractory period, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit

A drug like Digitalis, which slows the heart rate, would be given to a patient to:

What is not associated with capillaries

Which of the following would increase the stroke volume?

Ventricle systole:

Which statement is false?

Which conditions would have the fastest effect on peripheral resistance?

What will increase the heart rate?*

A typical action potential of a myocardial contractile cell last ___ milliseconds

The ECG of a person suffering from a complete AV heart block would show

Whole blood is the combination of plasma and ___

The rarest of the leukocytes is the ___

The term used to describe the production of blood cells is called ___

During childhood, T lymphocytes are programmed in the ___

How many polypeptide chains make up hemoglobin?

When monocytes migrate into the interstitial spaces to fight infection, they change to a different type of cell called ___

NO exchange of gases occurs here =

Secrete a fluid containing surfactant =

Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins =

Composed of simple squamous epithelium =

Terminates in alveoli =

composed of cuboidal cells

the respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane of the capillary walls and ___

TV + IRV + ERV + RV =

ERV + RV =

TV + IRV + ERV =

TV + IRV

Stem cell for all formed elements =

Numbers of this cell will increase during a parasitic infection =

hemostasis

A phagocytic cell that is found in the tissues =

Releases heparin in response to inflammation =

Most common white blood cell =

Produce antibodies to attack antigens =

T/F: each hemoglobin molecule can only carry two molecules of oxygen

T/F: the immediate response to blood vessel injury is coagulation

T/F: when erythrocytes are destroyed, some of the heme is converted into bilirubin and then secreted as bile

T/F: basophils increase in number when parasitic invasions occurs

T/F: lymphocytes reside temporarily in lymphoid tissue, then move to other parts of the body

T/F: Peyer's patches are clusters of lymphoid tissue found primarily in the large intestine

T/F: as carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ions to be generated (the Bohr effect)

T/F: a drop in blood pH is likely to cause a slower breathing rate

T/F: the parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall

Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?

If a person is severely dehydrated you would expect to see all of the following EXCEPT ___

Leukocytes displaying red cytoplasmic granules when treated with Wright's stain are most likely ___

What would you except to have the least effect on hematocrit percentage?

With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would except to see ___

A person with an extremely high count of neutrophils is likely suffering ___

The cells responsible for producing platelets are called ___

If you centrifuge (spin) whole blood you will find the band of white blood cells and platelets (the buffy coat) is much thinner than the packed red blood cells below it. This difference reflects the fact that ___

What is the average normal pH range of blood?

A patient with type A positive blood can, in theory, safely donate blood to someone with ___ blood

What is NOT a part of the lymphatic system?

Peyer's patches are found in the distal portion of the ___

Which lymphoid organs and tissues are characterized by a cortex and medulla?

What would NOT be classified as a lymphoid organ?

When the lymphatic structures of a limb are blocked due to tumors, the result is ___

Which of the following correctly describes the pathway of lymph?

Select the correct statement about lymph transport

Which lymphoid organ atrophies as we age?

Although B and T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow, T cells mature in the ___

The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the ___

What provides the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ___

Which law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ___

Tidal volume is air ___

What is NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ___

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type l and type ll alveolar cells. The function of the type ll alveolar cells is to ___

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases

What counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ___

What determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it ___

What is NOT part of the respiratory membrane of the lungs?

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ___

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ___

For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood?

T/F: fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach through hormonal and neuronal signals

T/F: dentin anchors the tooth in place

T/F: the major means of propulsion through the alimentary canal is peristalsis

T/F: the soft palate reflexively opens the nasopharynx to allow the passage of food, which is now called a bolus

T/F: when swallowing, the glottis covers the epiglottis

T/F: most gastric ulcers are due to excessive production of hydrochloric acid

T/F: all the chemical and mechanical phases of digestion from the mouth through the small intestine are directed toward changing food into forms that can pass through the epithelial cells lining the mucosa into the underlying blood and lymphatic vessels

T/F: food often contains bacteria, but the HCL of the stomach is effective in killing most ingested microbes

T/F: the digestive function of the liver is to produce digestive enzymes

T/F: the pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function

T/F: the parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal pelvic cavity

T/F: a stimulus for production of intestinal hormones is distention or irritation mucosa by hypertonic or acidic chyme

T/F: the largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase

T/F: increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin

Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is less acidic

T/F: the macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond the changes in the water content to the filtrate

T/F: atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption

T/F: high blood pressure triggers granular cells of the juxtaglomerular complex to release renin

T/F: both the male and female urethras serve both the urinary and the reproductive systems

T/F: in the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the nephron loop of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically

T/F: glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process

T/F: the proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct

T/F: the path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is in the renal calyces, renal pelvis, urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter

T/F: blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than most parts of the body in order to conserve body water

T/F: incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition

T/F: if the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine

The Bohr effect describes the tendency for hemoglobin to more readily unload oxygen under which condition?

What are NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?

What does NOT influence hemoglobin saturation?

The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it ___

What is NOT a stimulus for breathing?

What counteracts with the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?

What determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

What statement about CO2 is FALSE?

What incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?

Blood cells and plasma proteins are physically prevented from passing through the filtration membrane. This has the following effect on filtration.

What is NOT a function of the urinary system?

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?

The factor that promotes filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ___

Hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. All but one of the following statements reflects why hydrostatic pressure is so high in the glomerular capillaries. Select the one statement that does NOT explain the high pressure with in the glomerular capillaries.

What is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?

The ureters are composed of ___ epithelium

If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation), what is NOT likely to occur?

What is NOT reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

What is NOT a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH?

What is NOT associated with the renal corpuscle?

If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus increases (vasodilation), which of the following is NOT likely to occur

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule of water is due to a(n) ___

Except for potassium ions, tubular secretion of most unwanted substances occurs in the ___

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ___

If blood pressure drops very low (MAP is below 80 mmHg) renin enzyme will be secreted by granular cells. What is NOT likely to occur?

The function of angiotensin ll is to ___

The fluid found in the glomerular space is similar to plasma except that is does NOT contain a significant amount of ___

What acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?

What is NOT a function of the juxtaglomerular complex?

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ___

Nervous stimulation of gastric secretion is provided by ___

The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ___

Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ___

What produces intrinsic factor?

What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs?

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.

What is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth?

What is NOT true of saliva?

Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ___

What is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, or absorption?

The lamina propria is composed of ___

What is NOT a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier?

What would likely be absorbed in the stomach?

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?

The bolus is liquefied in the ___ and it is now called chyme

The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ___

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ___

What part of the tooth bears the force and resists the friction of chewing?

Major regions of the large intestine include the

Which water-soluble vitamin cannot be absorbed by the intestinal mucosa unless it has been bound to intrinsic factor?

Steroid hormones include what?

In Type II diabetes, insulin levels are frequently normal, yet the target cells are less sensitive to the effects of insulin. This suggests that the target cells

The fold of skin that covers the tip of the penis is the

The neck or narrowing portion of the uterus is called the:

The structure responsible for producing 60% of the ejaculate fluid and is slightly alkaline is:

In regards to tissue composition, the penis is to the male as the ___ is to the female

Which of the following will occur immediately after ovulation?

A sperm or egg is sometimes referred to as a "Haploid" cell. What does this contain?

When stimulated by a specific hormone, there is a marked increase in the activity of G proteins in the membrane. The hormone is probably

The link between the first messenger and the second messenger in a cell is referred to as

When the level of ADH is decreased:

The erectile tissue that directly surrounds the urethra in the male is called the:

The inside lining of the uterus is termed:

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on

What is an incorrect statement about hormones

What hormone binds with a receptor inside the cell?

The homologous chromosomes become separated during ___ of meiosis

Which of the following is not a tropic hormone?

One of the least complicated of the endocrine release mechanisms directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?

The small paired glands at the base of the penis that produce a lubricating secretion are the

To increase blood calcium levels in the blood, the body would increase the

Nurse Nancy should except a client with hypothyroidism to report which health concerns

Which hormone does not act on another endocrine gland?

An increase in estrogen within the body has the most effect of which stage in the ovarian cycle?

An enlargement of the thyroid gland is a condition known as ___

Menstruation is initiated by

A reduction in iodine within the diet could affect production of which of the following hormones?

Three of the four answers listed below have two sets of chromosomes. Select the exception.

Hormones can alter cellular operations by doing all the following, except:

If a parent cell has 16 chromosomes and undergoes meiosis, the resulting cells will have how many chromosomes?

The hypothalamus hormone that controls the release of aldosterone is

The Luteal phase occurs during days

The adrenal glands are located:

The release of an egg from the follicle in the ovary is termed:

In which phase does independent assortment take place in meiosis?

Which of the following is NOT a function of cholecystokinin (CCK)?

Bile salts surround fat soluble molecules creating Micelles. This role of bile salts is best described as ___.

Fat absorption through the plasma membrane of the epithelial cells

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the large intestine?

What is an essential role plated by large intestine bacteria?

A ruptured appendix is life threatening because ___

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ___

During the defecation reflex, the

Functions of the large intestine include

An expanded pouch in the region of the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the