Human Anatomy & Physiology: Chapter 16: The Endocrine System: Part A Flashcards


Set Details Share
created 13 years ago by jamie_galindo
3,923 views
updated 13 years ago by jamie_galindo
Subjects:
human anatomy & physiology, education, teaching methods & materials, science & technology, medical, anatomy, physiology
show moreless
Page to share:
Embed this setcancel
COPY
code changes based on your size selection
Size:
X
Show:

1

There are two main classes of hormones

1. Amino acid-based hormones
2. Steroids

2

Amino acid-based hormones are can be synthesized from what?
(3 answers)

1. Amino acid derivaties
2. peptides
3. proteins

3

Steroid based hormones are synthesized from ______?

Cholesterol

4

What kind of hormones act at the receptors outside the target cell? (can not enter the cell)

water-soluble hormones

5

All amino acid-based hormones, except thyroid hormones, are what type of hormone?

water-soluble hormones

6

What kind of hormones can enter the cells?

lipid-soluble hormones

7

Steroid and thyroid hormones are what type of hormone?

lipid-soluble hormones

8

There are two types of hormones that will always be steroid based hormones, what are they?

1. gonadal
2. adrenocortical

9

Hormone action on target cells may be to...?
(5 answers)

1. alter plasma membrane permeability and/or membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels
2. stimulate synthesis of enzymes or other proteins
3. activate or deactivate enzymes
4. induce secretory activity
5. stimulate mitosis

10

When hormones are water soluble they can not enter the cell. How do they act on a target cell then?

1. Act on plasma membrane receptors
2. Act via G protein second messengers

11

What is target cell specificity?

Target cells must have a specific receptors for specific hormone to bind

12

Target cell activation depends on what three factors?

1. blood levels of hormone
2. relative number of receptors on or in target cells
3. affinity of binding between receptor and hormone

13

Define UP-REGULATION

target cells build more receptors in response to low hormone levels

14

Define DOWN-REGULATION

target cells lose (destoy) receptors in response to high hormone levels

down = destroy

15

Blood levels of hormones are controlled by which type of feedback system?

negative feedback system

(exception oxytocin - positive feedback system)

16

Endocrine glands are stimulated to synthesize and release hormones in response to three types of stimuli. List all three.

1. Humoral stimuli
2. Neural stimuli
3. Hormonal stimuli

17

Humoral stimuli

occurs when blood levels of ions and nutrients get out of normal range and stimualte hormone release
(example - calcium ions are low in the blood so it causes the parathryoid to release PTH)

18

Neural stimuli

nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

19

Hormonal stimuli

occurs when hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones
(example - anterior pituitary releases thyroid stimulating hormone)

20

There are two ways hormones circulate in the blood. List them.

1. free circulating

2. bound

21

Free circulating hormones are what type of hormones?

water soluble hormones

22

These hormones attach to plasma proteins and circulate in the blood bound. List two.

1. steroid

2. thyroid hormones

23

How are hormones removed from the blood?

3 ways

1. degrading enzymes

2. kidneys

3. liver

24

Permissiveness

one hormone can not exert its effects without another hormone being present

25

Synergism

more than one hormone produces same effects on target cell --> amplification

26

Antagonism

one or more hormones oppose(s) action of another hormone