NAT 503 - Integrative Pathiophisiology Flashcards

When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic

Your patient’s red blood cell is slightly elevated today. This might be explained by (Select all that apply.)

The nurse is swabbing a patient’s throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity.

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of

In general, with aging, organ size and function

C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.’s disease is

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of

A disease that is native to a particular region is called

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except

Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?

Chronic activation of stress hormones can lead to (Select all that apply

Aldosterone may increase during stress, leading to (Select all that apply.)

Events which occur during the alarm stage of the stress response include secretion of (Select all that apply.)

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except

Allostasis is best defined as

Selye’s three phases of the stress response include all the following except

The cardiac drug digitalis enhances myocardial contraction, because it

The resting membrane potential in nerve and skeletal muscle is determined primarily by

An increase in extracellular potassium ion from 4.0 to 6.0 mEq/L would

Some individuals inherit a gene that results in dangerously high blood cholesterol caused by impaired endocytosis of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).

Phospholipids spontaneously form lipid bilayers, because they are

During conditions of prolonged insufficient oxygen availability (e.g., respiratory or cardiovascular disease) anaerobic glycolysis accumulated pyruvate can lead to lactic acidosis.

The benefit of glycolysis is that this second stage of catabolism supplies

Cell-to-cell communication through secretion of chemical signals into the bloodstream to target cells throughout the body is called _____ signaling.

Metaplasia is

Reperfusion injury to cells

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is

Coagulative necrosis is caused by

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is

Viruses differ from most bacteria in that they (Select all that apply.)

Somatic death refers to death

The main principle of the fluid mosaic model is that:

The chief function of the Golgi apparatus is:

Signaling molecules such as hormones and growth factors influence their target cells by binding to their:

Why is ongoing synthesis of ATP necessary for cell survival?

A white blood cell can ingest bacteria or cellular debris through the process of:

Approximately what percentage of the human DNA chromosomes code for proteins?

Characteristics of cellular differentiation include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Protein synthesis involves (Select all that apply.)

Calcium channel blocker drugs are often used to treat conditions associated with (Select all that apply.)

In DNA replication DNA polymerase functions to (Select all that apply.)

Characteristics of stem cells include that they (Select all that apply.)

The primary role of genes is to

Males are more likely than females to be affected by ________ disorders.

Results of biochemical tests indicate an infant has phenylketonuria (PKU). The parents ask what PKU means. Correct responses would include all the following except PKU

The parents of a child with PKU are concerned about the risk of transmitting the disorder in future pregnancies. The correct assessment of the risk is

Information parents should be given about the consequences of PKU includes

The risk period for maternal rubella infection leading to congenital problems begins

Characteristics of Marfan syndrome include that it (Select all that apply.)

Huntington disease is often transferred to offspring before a parent knows of the genetic possibility of this disease, because

Huntington disease primarily affects the _____ system.

The chief function of ribosomes is:

The two primary locations of active ribosomes in a cell are:

Growth factors influence a cell by:

The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is:

Since the nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane, how do most molecules leave the nucleus?

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as

The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is

Side effects of chemotherapy include (Select all that apply.)

Cancer grading is based on

Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following?

Deficits in immune system function occur in cancer as a result of (Select all that apply.)

Characteristics of telomerase include (Select all that apply.)

Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is

Your patient eats “lots of fat,” leads a “stressful” life, and has smoked “about two packs a day for the last 40 years.” Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will

Proto-oncogenes

A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct?

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including

Tumor markers (Select all that apply.)

Apoptosis is the process by which damaged cells:

What cells are made from precursor cells in bone marrow?

Free radical injury can be caused by:

What is the importance of a sequence of three base pairs (a codon) in DNA?

Plasma membrane receptors are available to bind to:

The primary function of kinins is

Antigen-presenting cells function to

Activation of the complement cascade results in (Select all that apply.)

Interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α are inflammatory cytokines secreted by

Functions of antibodies include (Select all that apply.)

The spleen is an important defense against infection, because it

Functions of B cells include

The membrane attack complex formed by complement is similar in function to

Which clinical finding is most indicative of an acute bacterial infection?

Passive immunity is provided by (Select all that apply.)

The primary function of eosinophils is to

Leukocytosis with a “shift to the left” refers to

Functions of T cells include (Select all that apply.)

Proteins that are increased in the bloodstream during acute inflammation are called

Characteristics of complement include (Select all that apply.)

What is a lysosome?

The cell structure that contains DNA is called the:

What is a gene?

Proteins are made of:

Most receptors in cell membranes are made of:

Immune function is likely to be most effective in a

An infectious disease that is common in a community is termed

Drug resistance of microbes occurs secondary to

A characteristic of some bacteria

Dietary zinc is an important defense against infection, because it maintains (Select all that apply.)

The most common method of disease transmission is

Risk of infection is increased in (Select all that apply.)

The term used to describe fungal infections is

Rickets is characterized by soft, weak bones resulting from a deficiency of

Bone healing may be impaired by

The disorders characterized by softening and then enlargement of bones is referred to as

Compartment syndrome occurs secondary to

Pain with passive stretching of a muscle is indicative of

The pathophysiology of osteomalacia involves

Characteristics of scoliosis include (Select all that apply.)

When mast cells degranulate, they release:

Which of the following cells are strong phagocytes?

What is a lysosome?

Which of the following terms indicates cell death that occurs by severe cell swelling and the breakdown of organelles?

The process of programmed cellular self-destruction is called:

Which disorder is associated with a type III hypersensitivity mechanism of injury?

Transfusion reactions involve RBC destruction caused by

Secondary immune deficiency problems may be caused by (Select all that apply.)

Myasthenia gravis is a type II hypersensitivity disorder that involves

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome is an example of a(n)

The effects of histamine release include

Autoimmune diseases result from (Select all that apply.)

Anaphylaxis may occur in certain hypersensitivity reactions, including type (Select all that apply.)

RhoGAM (an Rh antibody) would be appropriate in an Rh-_____ woman with an _____ Rh-_____ antibody titer carrying an Rh-_____ fetus.

which disorder is considered a primary immunodeficiency disease?

Dramatic hypotension sometimes accompanies type I hypersensitivity reactions, because

The principle Ig mediator of type I hypersensitivity reactions i

A child with a history of recent strep throat infection develops glomerulonephritis. This is most likely a type _____ hypersensitivity reaction.

A primary effector cell of the type I hypersensitivity response is

An important mediator of a type I hypersensitivity reaction is

The predominant antibody of a typical allergic response is:

What is the major function of T helper cells?

Which of the following cells produce antibodies?

When antigen-antibody complexes are formed in the blood, which of the following processes can occur?

Which of the following cells are strong phagocytes?

Which statement about HIV testing is correct?

As of 2014, _____ individuals worldwide have been infected with HIV infection.

The CDC defines three CD4+ T-cell categories of T cell ranges. Which values are correct? (Select all that apply.)

The HIV nurse educator teaches a newly diagnosed patient about HIV. The nurse educator tells the patient that in the United States, those at greatest risk of HIV infection include (Select all that apply.)

A nurse who works in an assisted living facility is preparing to teach the residents about safe sex practices. What resident criteria should the nurse take into consideration when creating a teaching plan? (Select all that apply.)

Cleaning dirty needles prior to use helps prevent the spread of HIV. When using bleach, the user must rinse out all the blood first and then fill the needle and syringe with full-strength bleach three times for 10 to 20 seconds.

Which HIV-positive patient should be given a diagnosis of AIDS?

A patient presents to the clinic with flulike symptoms and a rash. The nurse knows that the type of rash associated with HIV may include (Select all that apply.)

HIV replicates very quickly from the onset of infection. What is the major site of HIV replication?

Opportunistic infections are a hallmark of HIV and AIDS. Which infections are considered opportunistic? (Select all that apply.)

Which modes of transmission occur with HIV infection? (Select all that apply.)

HIV infection causes immunodeficiency because it

A patient is infected with the retrovirus HIV. The patient may have contracted HIV as it was transmitted via (Select all that apply.)

Which statement best describes the etiologic development and transmission of AIDS?

Which drugs are used for the management of HIV? (Select all that apply.)

What is the major function of T_H1 cells?

What is the major function of T helper cells?

The process of programmed cell self-destruction is called:

What is the major function of T_H2 cells?

What are CD4+ T cells?

A diagnostic laboratory finding in myeloma is

The only known curative treatment for CML is allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from a suitable donor.

A patient is diagnosed with hairy cell leukemia. The patient’s laboratory results would most likely indicate a decrease in (Select all that apply.)

A patient is diagnosed with stage IIA Hodgkin disease. This patient’s clinical stage was most likely determined by (Select all that apply.)

Autologous stem cell transplantation is a procedure in which

A 58-year-old woman is seen in the clinic for reports of severe back pain. Her chest x-ray demonstrates generalized bone demineralization and compression fracture. Blood studies demonstrate elevated calcium levels. The most likely diagnosis is

Burkitt lymphoma is most closely associated with

A patient is diagnosed with CML (chronic myeloid leukemia). The patient may experience which of these symptoms? (Select all that apply.)

A 5-year-old patient’s parents report loss of appetite and fatigue in their child. The parents also state that the child refuses to walk as a result of pain. The child’s most likely diagnosis is

Which viruses have been implicated as cancer-causing agents? (Select all that apply.)

Which type of leukemia primarily affects children?

While in the hospital for management of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), a patient develops severe thrombocytopenia. The most appropriate action for this condition is

A patient is diagnosed with myeloma. The nurse teaches the patient about the multiple tumor sites that can develop with this cancer. The possible tumor sites in myeloma include the (Select all that apply.)

The patient is a 12-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Manifestations of the patient’s leukemia prior to treatment may include (Select all that apply.)

A patient is diagnosed with stage III non-Hodgkin lymphoma and is preparing to undergo treatment. Which treatments may be used to treat this patient’s cancer? (Select all that apply.)

Macrophages interact with T helper cells by:

Which of the following cells are strong phagocytes?

Which of the following cells produce antibodies?

Which answer describes adaptive immunity?

What type of a cell is a B cell?

The anemia resulting from a deficiency of either vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin) or folate is caused by a disruption in DNA synthesis of the blast cells in the bone marrow that produces very large abnormal bone marrow cells called megaloblasts.

Thalassemia may be confused with iron-deficiency anemia, because they are both

Which condition is associated with an elevated reticulocyte count?

Red blood cells obtain nearly all their energy from metabolism of

Vaccination for pneumococcal pneumonia should be performed before 1 year of age in patients with sickle cell anemia

Regarding iron-deficiency anemia, what laboratory features are typically decreased? (Select all that apply.)

What is necessary for red blood cell production?

The most effective therapy for anemia associated with kidney failure is

The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is a measure of the integrity of

Treatment for hemophilia A includes

Activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by

A cause of thrombocytopenia includes

A patient presents to the physician’s office with pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin. The patient is most likely between the ages of _____ years.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation may be treated with heparin therapy to

A 3-year-old boy who exhibits prolonged bleeding after minor trauma and a prolonged aPTT, but a normal platelet count, is likely to be diagnosed with

What is a megakaryocyte?

Which of the following proteins is not a normal component of plasma?

What is a thrombocyte?

In adults, hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow of all of the following bones except the:

Where in the body are clotting factors synthesized?