exam 3 metabolism
The majority of the food we ingest is ultimately used to synthesize _________?
ATP
A(n) ______ nutrient is one that the body cannot synthesize rapidly enough to be useful?
Essential
A triglyceride consists of three fatty acids and….?
Glycerol
During glycolysis a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of?
Two Pyruvic
Name 3 monosaccharide?
Which nutrient provides energy for cells with modest energy demands and for skeletal muscle when energy demands are low?
Lipids
Name a disaccharide?
The function of the citric acid cycle is to remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to?
Deliver hydrogen atoms to coenzymes embedded in the inner membrane of mitochondrion
Name two polysaccharide used for energy?
Lipoproteins, containing triglycerides manufactured in the liver, are transported to peripheral tissues and are called?
VLDL
Why gender affects MBR?
Men Have a higher BMR because they have more muscle therefore burn more calories
The major metabolic function for most vitamins is that they assist enzymes by serving as _________?
Coenzymes
What is the true function of molecular oxygen acquired by the lungs?
The TCA cycle must turn ________ times to completely metabolize the pyruvic acid produced from one glucose molecule?
Twice
Predict what would happen to ATP production if a virus pierced holes in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
ATP production would decrease because a hydrogen ion gradient could not be established.
Which of the following processes may occur under aerobic or anaerobic conditions:
glycolysis
Which of the following nutrient(s) can enter the Krebs cycle: glucose, amino acid, pyruvic acid?
Pyruvic Acid
What happens to the carbon molecules in the pyruvic acid that goes through the TCA cycle?
They become carbon dioxide
Why don’t the electrons carried by NADH in the cytosol generate as many ATP as the electrons carried by NADH in the mitochondrial matrix?
The cytosolic electrons must be shuttled to the matrix at a loss of energy.
The transition step links glycolysis to the….?
TCA Cycle
The process whereby excess glucose is stored in cells is called ______?
Which is the healthiest ratio: high HDL: low LDL or high LDL: low HDL?
The process of converting excess glucose to glycogen is called?
Glycogenesis
_____________ happens in the cytoplasm, whereas ___________ happens in the mitochondrion?
Excess glucose that is not used for immediate energy is converted to glycogen via a process called?
Glycogenesis
____________ is a product of glycolysis?
Glucose molecules are combined to form glycogen in a process called?
Clycogenesis
The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is the….?
Oxygen
The function of the citric acid cycle is to remove ………….atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes?
Hydrogen
Insulin promotes formation of glycogen by a process called?
Glycogenesis
Glucose in excess of the body's immediate needs is usually converted to glycogen by the process of?
Glycogenesis
Explain why beta-oxidation yield more energy than complete metabolism of glucose?
Glucose produces 36/38 ATPs. The removal of 2 carbons in a fatty acid chain produces an average of 17 ATP
Pyruvic acid is the product of ____________?
Glucose
Glucose in excess of the body's immediate needs is usually converted to?
Glycogen
For a marathon runner, what benefit is there to eating a diet of 75% carbohydrates and reducing the workout for 3 to 4 days before competition?
Muscles will store a higher than normal levels of glycogen
Minerals are organic or inorganic molecules/elements?
Inorganic
Vitamins are organic or inorganic compounds?
Organic
Beta-oxidation occurs in the?
Mitochondria
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor during the …..?
Aerobic Respiration
Why isn’t it sufficient to reduce only dietary fat intake to prevent new fatty deposits from forming in the body?
Acetyl CoA, an intermediate in glucose metabolism, is also the starting point for fatty acid synthesis
The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called?
Metabolism
Which of the following molecules is produced in the process of detoxifying harmful ammonia?
Cells of the ______ system most require continuous glucose?
-Nervous System
What is the primary process by which insulin is released after ingesting a meal?
Insulin is secreted in direct response to high blood glucose.
Beta-oxidation requires, coenzyme A (CoA), FAD and ____?
NAD
In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is metabolized releases net energy to form how many molecules of ATP?
2 ATP
Why are high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) considered “good”?
In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another?
Coenzyme
The basal metabolic rate can most effectively be defined as the __________?
Amount of energy needed to maintain life
The general term used to describe the anabolic and catabolic reactions in a cell is?
Which of the following nutrient used almost exclusively for ATP production: amino acid, fatty acid, glucose?
Glucose
Which of the following nutrient form enzyme and some hormones: amino acid, fatty acid, glucose?
Amino acids
Oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic or anaerobic respiration?
aerobic
Pyruvate can be metabolized along two major routes. They are?
Oxidation and Reduction
Beta-oxidation requires, NAD, FAD and ____?
Coenzyme A
Name two essential fatty acids?
Which of the following is a lipid that is not used for energy: Triglyceride, Fatty acid, Cholesterol, Saturated fat?
Cholesterol
What is lipogenesis?
process by which acetyl-CoA is converted to fatty acids.
Lipogenesis generally begins with?
Acetyle-CoA
The primary function of cellular respiration is to?
break down food molecules and generate ATP
The end product of glycolysis is?
Lipoproteins, carrying mostly cholesterol and phospholipids from the liver to the peripheral tissues are called?
LDL
Which lipids are routinely used for energy?
Triglycerides
Lipid is synthesized from Acetyl CoA via…….process?
lipogenesis
Which lipoprotein transports cholesterol to the liver for degradation?
HDL
The TCA cycle begins with the formation of a molecule of?
Citric Acid
In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is transferred to a_____?
organic acid (non-amino acid molecule)
A triglyceride consists of?
Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids
What is the primary role of the TCA cycle in the production of ATP?
transfer electrons from substrates to coenzymes
The process of deamination produces?
Ammonia
Which is the healthiest ratio? high chylomicron: low LDL or high HDL: low LDL or high LDL: low chylomicron?
High HDL: Low LDL
A triglyceride consists of glycerol and ….?
3 fatty acids
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during which processes of metabolism?
The Citric Acid Cycle
During lipolysis triglycerides are broken down into _______ and _________?
Urea is formed in the?
Liver
Ammonia is byproduct of -------metabolism?
Protein
Water is produced during which processes of metabolism?
Electron transport
What is the electron transport system’s role in the generation of ATP?
Creates a concentration gradient across the mitochondria which leads to production of ATP
The most abundant nitrogenous waste in blood is urea, which is produced by the combination of ammonia with …..?
CO2
Lipoproteins, carrying mostly cholesterol and phospholipids from peripheral tissues to the liver, are called?
High Density Lipoportiens
Beta-oxidation requires coenzyme A, NAD, and ____?
FAD
How does a decrease in the level of cytoplasmic NAD affect ATP production in mitochondria? Why?
Means that you don't need much ATP MEANING you don't need energy. Less glycolysis more fat
NADH produced by glycolysis in skeletal muscle fibers leads to production of two ATP molecules in mitochondria, but NADH produced by glycolysis in cardiac muscle cells leads to production of three ATP molecules. Why?
Different intermediaries
Linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid are examples of ______ fatty acids?
Essential Fatty acids
Ammonia is a toxic substance that is converted to……by the liver?
Urea
Why is oxidative phosphorylation the most important mechanism for generating ATP?
It requires less energy than other mechanisms
Why are proteins an impractical source of quick energy, a “last ditch” source of energy?
Proteins are more difficult to break apart than are carbohydrates or lipids; NH4, a byproduct of protein catabolism, is toxic; Protein catabolism threatens homeostasis.
Why does a diet that is deficient in pyridoxine (vitamin B6) affect protein metabolism?
an important coenzyme in deaminating and transaminating amino acids in cells, would interfere with the body's ability to metbolize proteins.
Why are high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) considered beneficial?
Because they remove excess cholesterol from cells
Beta-oxidation is the process that breaks down fatty acids into two-carbon fragments that can be metabolized by the?
TCA cycle
The most abundant nitrogenous waste in blood is urea, which is produced by the combination of ammonia with …..?
CO2
Why are LDLs considered “bad cholesterol”?
Because they send the cholesterol to the cells without regulation and The excess cholesterol that is not used by the cell diffuses out of the cell and enters bloodstream
The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called?
Metabolism
Why cells synthesize new organic components?
List macronutrients and their subunits?
Lipoproteins, containing triglycerides manufactured in the liver, are transported to peripheral tissues and are called?
VLDL
Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for?
Energy
beta-oxidation is the process that breaks down fatty acids into ________fragments that can be metabolized by the TCA cycle?
2 carbons
Cells must synthesize new organic compounds to?