isoniazid is a particular value

for treating tuberculosis

the two major drawbacks to the use of penicillin are

allergic reactions and development of drug-resistant bacteria

a common feature of bacitracin and polymyxin B is that both antibiotics

are produced by bacillus species

both the cephalosporin and penicillin antibiotic

act on the cell wall of bacteria

chloroquine, primaquine, and quinine are of value for the treatment of

cases of malaria

the tubercle bacillus is usually susceptible to

streptomycin but not penicillin

the Kirby-Bauer test is useful for determining

which antibiotic may be employed to treat an infection

cephalosporin antibiotics may be used

as alternatives to penicillin

all aminoglycoside antibiotics function by

attaching irreversibility to bacterial ribosomes

the range of activity of tetracycline antibiotics

includes viruses, protozoa, and fungi

flucytosine, clotrimazole, and ketoconazole typify the

antifungal antibiotics

pseudomembranous colitis is a condition of the intestine that may be related to

overuse of lincomycin and clindamycin

carbenicillin and methicillin should not be used to treat disease if

a person has penicillin allergy

In competitive inhibition, sulfanilamide is used by a bacterium in an aborted attempt to

form folic acid

the beta lactam nucleus is the basic structure of the

penicillin

first generationo cephalosporins must be injected because

they have variable absorption in the GI tract

ampicillin is preferable to penicillin because it

is absorbed more easily from the intestine when taken orally

cephalosporins act by

interfering with cell-wall biosynthesis

a physician has determined that he must prescribe chloramphenicol to treat an infection. He should

monitor for development of aplastic anemia

tetracycline antibiotics interfere with

protein synthesis

penicillin is most effective against

log phase gram positive bacteria

carbenicillin is best classified as a

semisynthetic antibiotic

chloramphenicol

interferes with protein synthesis in microorganisms

MRSA is resistant to

methicillin

both vancomycin and rifampin interfere with aspects of folic acid metabolism in bacteria that cause urinary tract infections

false

penicillinase-producing bacteria convert penicillin to penicilloic acid, which has no effect on the bacterial cell wall

true

aplastic anemia, which is related to chloramphenicol therapy, arises from activity in the bone marrow that prevents hemoglobin incorporation into red blood cells

true

pseudomembranous colitis, a side effect of clindamycin and linconmycin therapy, is accompanied by membranous lesions on the intestinal wall

true

the antituberculosis drug isoniazid presumably interferes with cell wall synthesis in Mycobacterium by inhibiting production of sulfanic acid

false

antibiotic abuse encourages the emergence of resistant species of microorganisms

true

penicillin antibiotics are used primarily against gram-positive bacteria, but in high concentrations they are also inhibitory to gram-negative bacteria

true

most of the available antimicrobial agents are effective against

bacteria

in what way are semisynthetic penicillin and natural penicillin alike

both are based on lactam

which of the following antimicrobial agents is recommended for use against systemic fungal infections

amphotericin B

which of the following antibiotics does NOT interfere with cell wall synthesis

macrolides

the antimicrobial drugs with the broadest spectrum of activity are

tetracyclines

protozoan and helminthic diseases are difficult to treat because

their cells are structurally and functionally similar to human cells

niclosamide prevents ATP generation in mitochondria. You would expect this drug to be effective against

helminths

which of the following does NOT affect eukaryotic cells

semisynthetic penicillins

a major side effect of chloramphenicol therapy is yellowish staining teeth

false

antibiotic penicillin is used primarily against gram-negative bacteria

false

two major side effects of the use of amoxicillin are the loss of hearing and nephrotoxicity

false

chloroquine and quinine are the drugs of choices for the treatment of fungal disease

false

isoniazid is of particular value for treating tuberculous bacterial infections

true

the range of activity of tetracycline includes gram positive and negative bacteria, rickettsia, mycoplasma and chlamydial infections

true

photosensitivity is one of the side effects of the tetracycline drug

true

athlete foot can be treated with bacitracin

false

Nalidixic acid is a type of fluoroquinolone which inhibits the DNA replications. The drug is effective against urinary tract infections

true

clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor

true

a drug such as clotrimazole, would be more effective against

fungal infections

the antimicrobial drug with the broadest spectrum of activity is

tetracycline

protozoan and helminthic diseases are difficult to treat because

their cells are structurally and functionally similar to human cells

niclosamide drug is effective against

tapeworm infections

the tubercle bacillus is usually effective against

mycobacteria

the Kirby-Bauer test is useful for determining

the activity of antimicrobials

mebendazole is effective against

parasites

erythromycin antibiotics may be used when person is allergic to which antibiotic

penicillin

miconazole and ketoconazole typify the

anti-fungal

ciprofloxacin is a type of

fluoroquinolone

in competitive inhibition, sulfanilamide is used by a bacterium in an aborted attempt to

form folic acid

cephalosporins act by

interfering with cell wall biosynthesis

MRSA is resistant to which group of antibiotic

methicillin

carbenicillin is best classified as

semisynthetic antibiotic

which antibiotics work by inhibiting the process of translation by interfering with 50s ribosomes and inhibiting formation of peptide bond

chloramphenicol

which antibiotics inhibits the DNA replication and transcription processes

fluoroquinolones

oral penicillin

penicillin V

metronidazole

antiprotozoan drug

interfere with anaerobic metabolism

ribavirin

interferes with RNA metabolism

cloxacillin

interferes with the last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis

vancomycin

inhibits the second stage of cell wall synthesis

penicillin V

acts against gram-positive bacteria

fluconazole

inhibits fungal activity

ethambutol

inhibits cell wall synthesis

oxacillin

inhibits cell wall synthesis

azithromycin

inhibits protein synthesis

tetracycline

inhibits protein synthesis

aminoglycoside

protein synthesis inhibitor

doxycycline

protein synthesis inhibitor

acne treatment

neomycin

protein synthesis inhibitor

acyclovir

inhibits DNA or RNA synthesis

when the effect of two drugs together is greater than the effect of either alone, it is called

synergism

which antibiotic is most likely to cause bone marrow suppression in children

chloramphenicol

which antibiotic can be used for anaerobic clostridium prefringens infection

metronidazole

narrow spectrum of microbial activity

range of different microbial types of affect

broad spectrum antibiotics

antibiotics that affect a broad range of gram positive or gram negative bacteria

bacillus subtills

bacitracin

saccharopolispora erythraea

erythromycin

streptomyces griseus

streptomycin

superinfection

overgrowth of a target pathogen that has developed resistance to the antibiotic

inhibition of cell wall synthesis

penicillin, cephalosporins, bacitracin vancomycin

inhibition of protein synthesis

chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracyclines, streptomycin

inhibition of nucleic acid replication and transcription

quinolones, rifampin

injury to plasma membrane

polymyxin B

inhibition of essential metabolite synthesis

sulfanilamide, trimethoprim

what is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic

bactericidal kills microbes while nacteriostatic prevent microbes from growing

chloramphenicol

binds to 50s portion and inhibits formation of peptide bond

tetracyclines

interfere with attachment of tRNA and mRNA

broad spectrum drug

causes rickettsia

yellow staining teeth and photosensitivity

streptomycin

changes shape of 30s portion, causing code on mRNA to be read incorrectly p

penicillin G

requires injection

against gram positive bacteria

Beta lactam ring

all penicillins contain this portion

methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

bacteria resistant to methicillin

penicillin plus Beta-Lactamase inhinitors

clavulanic acid

amoxicillin + clavulanic acid

augmentin

carbapenems

B-lactam antibiotics that substitute carbon atom for sulfur atom and added a bond to the penicillin nucleus.

bacitracin

effective against gram positive bacteria such as staphyloccoci and streptococci

vancomycin resistant staphyloccocus aureus

resistant to vancomycin

isoniazid (INH)

antimycobacterial antibiotic

very effective against tuberculosis

primary effect is to inhibit synthesis of mycolic acid

ethambutol

antimycobacterial antibiotic

effective only against mycobacteria

actions of the antibacterial synthetics trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole

what were the first penicillins

aminopenicilllins such as ampicillin and amoxicillin

streptomycin

ototoxic

causes deafness

gentamycin

nephrotoxic

causes kidney failure

macrolides

erythromycin (azithromycin, clarithromycin)

steven johnson syndrome

disorder of the skin and mucous

penicillinase-resistant penicilin

oxacillin

cloxacillin

azlocillin

ticarcillin

methicillin

3 antibiotics in first aid ointment

neomycin

bacitracin

polymixin B s

streptomycin

gentacin

tobramycin

anti TB drugs

lincomycin

kills both harmful and friendly bacteria

C. difficile

anaerobic infection metronidazole

fluoroquinolones

UTI infection

negram

antifungal

have -ole suffixes

tinidazole

miconazole

clotrimazole

ketoconazole

antiviral

-vir suffix

famciclovir

acyclovir

ganciclovir

antiprotozoal

metronidazole

chloroquine

primaquine

quinine

anithelminth

flatworms - platyhelminths - niclosamide

round worms - nermathelminths

albendazole

mebendazole

anti TB drugs

pyrazinamie (PZA)

streptomycin

isoniazid (INH)

rifampicin

ethambutol