Why are 2 beads assigned to each individual in the simulation?

The beads represent alleles

Evolution is a theory.

True

Although it has been traditionally describedas "survival of the fittest", Charles Darwin's mechanism for evolution is more accurately described as "survival of the more fit.”

True

As a group of species are placed in an evolutionary sequence by biologists, that sequenceis irrefutable and not subject to change or debate.

False

Positive selection increases the chance of survival and reproduction.

True

Does the presence of more complexity in terms ofanatomy and/or physiology always indicate that an animal is newer in evolutionary history?

No, because evolution is the result of selection for desirable traits, not necessarily more complex traits

For this question, we will utilize a population of Martians that is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. The dominant Martian phenotype is the possession of 2 antennae. In this population, 84 of the Martians have 2 antennae, while 16 lack antennae. What is the frequency of heterozygotes in this population?

A. 0.16

B. 0.4

C. 0.6

D. 0.24

E. 0.48

Answer A

What is true about positive selection for a trait? Check all that apply.

A. The frequency of the trait increases

B. Survival of those with the trait is enhanced

C. Reproduction of those with the trait is more likely

D. Future generations of offspring of parents with the trait are more likely to survive

Answer A, B, C

Change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

Mutations

Proportion of individuals in a certain category relative to the total number of individual considered

Frequency

Enables us to calculate and predict allelic and genotypic frequencies

Allows for the prediction of allelic & genotypic frequencies

Allele frequency
p + q = 1 (dominant + recessive alleles)
0.5 + 0.5 = 1

Genotypic frequency
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 (BB + Bb + bb = 1)
0.25 + 0.50 + 0.25 = 1

The Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Population is large enough to overcome random events.

Choice of mates is random

Mutation does not occur

Individuals do not migrate into or our of the population

There is no selection pressure.

The Hardy-Weinberg Principle Assumptions

An individual able to survive in environment
An individual able to reproduce

Fitness

Frequency in favorable traits for an environment increase and the nature of the population will gradually change

Natural Selection

Genetic changes in populations over time

Evolution

Green Algae

Group of related organisms

Progressive changes in trait

Common ancestral forms

Not evolved from each other

Volvocine Line

Chlamydomonas

Unicellular

Isogamous

Gonium (4, 8, 16, or 32 cells)

Isogamous

Volvox100’s —1000’s vegetative cells

Few reproductive cells

Oogamou

Volvocine Line of Algae