The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located

in the walls of the tract organs

The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to

collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage

The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called

digestion

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. The series of reactions is called

chemical digestion

The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called

mesenteries

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. arrange them in order from the lumen

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier?

rennin

What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing?

enamel

The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorbs digested nutrients lie in the

lamina propria

Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile?

cholecystokinin

choose the incorrect statement regarding bile

Bile contains enzymes for digestion

The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?

plicae circulares and intestinal villi

Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth

there are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20

Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth?

There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge

Which of the following is not true of saliva?

contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins

The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells

serous cells and mucous cells

the solutes contained in saliva include

electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA

In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach

initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins

chyme is created in the

stomach

hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach

parietal cells

Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products

enteroendocrine cells

these are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs

before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought

peristaltic waves are

waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another

Gastrin is digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulate by the presence of

protein and peptide fragments

pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the

chief cells of the stomach

You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal

amylase

the ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the

hepatopancreatic ampulla

the enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called

hydrolysis

Short-chain triglycerides found infoods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?

lipase

parietal cells of the stomach produce

hydrochloric acid

hepatocytes do not

produce digestive enzymes

which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion

enterogastric

which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed

B12

chief cells

are found in the basal regions of the gastric glands

Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of

catabolism

The___ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure

liver

If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the

serosa

The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the

ileum

The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3- what does the 1 stand for?

canine tooth

Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged

lipids

___ is locally regulated in the blood by the active from the vitamin D, which acts as a cofactor

calcium

Important peritoneal folds do not include the

round ligament

The lamina propria is composed of

loose connective tissue

_____ is not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion

carbohydrates

Pancreatic amylase does not get to the small intestine via the

cystic duct

The function of the goblet cells is to

produce mucus that protects part of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion

Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria?

synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins

Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by

the vagus nerve and enteric plexus

Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongues that contain taste buds?

fungiform and circumvallate

Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?

parietal cells

Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins

trypsin

surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body

tongue

A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is

bile

The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the

submucosa

which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine

is longer than the small intestine

what stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs?

intrinsic factor

How are most nutrients absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villa

active transport driven directly or indirectly by metabolic energy

Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion

gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth

paneth cells

secrete enzymes that kill bacteria

select the correct statement about digestive processes

chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex

Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves

cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormones responsible for gallbladder contraction

select the correct statement about absorption

if intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be the generated

select the correct statement about electrolyte absorption

iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum

You have just eaten french fries, buttered toast, ice cream, and whole milk. Which of the following glands would be active in helping you to digest this food?

the pancreas

The ingestion of the meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur?

Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum

The mucosa of the developing alimentary tube comes from

endoderm

A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby's loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates

alkalosis

Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include

secretin

which of these not part of the splanchnic circulation

inferior vena cava

What is the process of digestion

Ingestion

propulsion

mechanical breakdown

digestion

absorption

defecation

select the correct statement about absorption

if intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated

alimentary canal

digests and absorbs food.

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine

accessory organs

teeth, tongue, gall bladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas.

produce secretin that helps break down food

layers of the alimentary canal

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

anatomy of the oral cavity

The tongue

The salivary glands

A. ducts of sublingual gland

B. sublingual gland

C. Parotid gland

F. submandibular gland

splanchnic circulation

includes arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta to serve the digestive organs and hepatic portal circulation

intrinsic muscles

confined in tongue and not attached to bone

allows tongue to change its shape

extrinsic muscles

alters the tongue's position

they protrude it, retract it, and move it from side to side

lingual frenulum

secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth and limits its posterior movement.

filiform papillae

roughen the tongue surface. provides friction for manipulating foods.

enteric nervous system

the in-house nerve supply of alimentary canal.

enteric neurons

communicate widely with one another to regulate digestive system activity

peritoneum

most extensive serous membrane

visceral peritoneum

covers external surfaces of most digestive organs

parietal peritoneum

lines body walls

peritoneal cavity

slit like space containing a slippery fluid secreted by serous membrane

mesentery

double layer of peritoneum.

Provides routes for blood vessels, lymphs, and nerves to reach digestive viscera

holds organs in place

stores fat

function of The salivary gland

Cleanses the mouth

dissolves food chemicals

moistens food and helps compact it

contains amylase that begins the digestion of starchy foods

two types of secretory cells

serous and mucous cells

cardiac sphincter

a physiological sphincter

primary dentitions

upper jaw: 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 molars/2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 molars X 2

20 teeths

permanent dentition

2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars/ 2 incisors 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars X 2

32 teeths

digestive processes of the mouth

the mouth ingests

Begins mechanical breakdown by chewing

intitiates propulsion by swallowing

starts the digestion of polysaccharides

The pharynx

food passes to the oropharynx, then to the laryngopharynx

The mucosa contains stratified squamous epithelium

the esophagus

esophageal hiatus: where it pierces the diaphragm

cardiac orifice: where it joins the stomach

anatomy of the stomach

buccal phase of swallowing

occurs in the mouth; voluntary

it ends when bolus leaves mouth and stimulates tactile receptors in the pharynx

Pharyngeal-esophageal phase

involuntary. controlled by medulla and lower pons. vagus nerves transmit motor impulses from the swallowing center to the muscles of the pharynx and esophagus

enterogastrones

secretes cholecytokinin (CCK) and secretin

alkaline tide

as acid is pumped into the stomach, HCO3- is exported into the blood

gastric glands

produce stomach secretion

parietal cells

found in apical region of glands. secretes HCL and intrinsic factor

pepsin

protein-digesting enzyme. activating of pepsin helps digest proteins, breakdown plant food and kills bacteria

chief cells

occurs in basal regions of the gastric glands. produces pepsinogen

cephalic phase of gastric secretion

occurs before food enters the stomach

gastric phase

releases gastric juice. 3-4hrs longs

occurs once food enters the mouth

intestinal phase

occurs with a brief stimulatory component followed by inhibition

enterogastric reflex

duodenum inhibits acid secretion through the enteric nervous system (short reflexes) and sympathetic and vagus nerves (long reflexes)

Gross anatomy of the liver

The Liver

produces bile for export to the duodenum

bile breaks fat into tiny particles to make it digestible.

bile leaves the liver through right and left hepatic ducts

Bile

yellow-green, alkaline solution containing bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, and variety or electrolytes.

Bile salts

primarily salts of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids

bilirubin

chief bile pigment.

yellow waste product of the heme of hemoglobin formed during the breakdown of word out RBCs

gall bladder

stores bile that is not needed for digestion

covered by visceral peritoneum

pancreas

produces enzymes that breakdown all foodstuffs

pancreatic juices

proteases (protein)

amylases (starch)

lipase (fats)

nucleases (nucleic acids)

small intestine

3 sections

duodenum (10 inches)

jejunum (8ft)

ileum (12ft)

site for digestion and absorption

enteropeptidase

within the duodenum

activates trypsinogen to trypsin

retroperitoneal organs

organs that loses their mesentery and lies posterior to the peritoneum

intraperitoneal organs

organs that keeps their mesentery and remains in the peritoneal cavity

gross anatomy of large intestine