As a percentage of daily energy intake, what is the recommended range for the essential fatty acids?

5.6 to about 11

What is the process by which heat or acidity disrupts the normal shape of a protein chain?

Denaturation

What is the simplest 18-carbon fatty acid?

Steric acid

What digestive enzyme would be most affected in people who are unable to produce hydrochloric acid?

Pepsin

According to the Dietary Guidelines, what should be the maximum daily intake of cholesterol on a 2500-kcalorie diet?

300mg

After digestion of proteins, what products are absorbed into the circulation?

Free Amino Acids

What part of the gastrointestinal tract is the predominant site of dietary fat hydrolysis?

Small intestine

Lillie has been losing weight by following a very-low-carbohydrate diet for 2 months. Her primary care physician just diagnosed ketosis through a urine sample. Which of the following symptoms would be another way the physician might have suspected ketosis in Lillie?

fruity breath

What is the relationship between body proteins and water?

Protein attract water

In general, the protein quality in grains would be most improved by the addition of a plant protein rich in

Lysine

How soon would death occur from starvation if the body was unable to shift to a state of ketosis?

3 weeks

What is meant by the amino acid sequence of a protein?

The order of amino acids in peptide chains

In comparison to a low-density lipoprotein, a high-density lipoprotein contains

Less lipids

Approximately how many ATP molecules are synthesized from the complete oxidation of a molecule of palmitic acid?

129 ATP

In comparison to the well-defined structure of starch, which of the following is the most important factor that allows for the synthesis of thousands of different proteins?

The number of different Amino Acids

Ronnie eats a fairly balanced diet, but wants to include a good source of omega-3 fats. Which of the following should be your recommendation?

Fish

When consumed regularly, which of the following fatty acids helps prevent the formation of blood clots?

omega 3s = Docosahexanoic (DHA)

Omega 6s = EPA

After the first day or so of fasting, which of the following is most depleted in the body?

Glycogen

Approximately how many weeks can the body remain alive after a person begins fasting?

8 weeks

For most adults, what is the recommended minimum amount of fat that should be consumed, as a percentage of total energy intake?

20% min.

What is the most likely explanation for the fatty liver that develops from protein deficiency?

Lipoprotein for fat export

According to the DRI, what is the upper limit of fat (g) that may be consumed by a healthy person requiring 3000 kcalories per day?

117 grams

The hydrolysis of ATP that often occurs simultaneously with the synthesis of many compounds is an example of

Coupled reactions

In the average healthy person, about how much time is required by the liver to process the alcohol in a typical drink?

1 hour

If a person consumes 65 grams of protein and a total of 2700 kcalories per day, approximately what percentage of energy would be derived from protein?

10%

Your roommate Bob has just come back from the doctor where he was subjected to a blood lipid profile analysis. The doctor provided him with dietary changes because the cholesterol results put him at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Which of the following results is consistent with the diagnosis?

High LDL ( Bad)

Low HDL (good)

When a person is performing intense physical exercise and begins to feel fatigue and a burning pain in the muscles, the response of the muscles is to synthesize more

Lactic Acid

Protein-hydrolyzing enzymes are commonly known as

Protese

A meal providing 1200 kcalories contains 10 g of saturated fats, 14 g of monounsaturated fats, and 20 g of polyunsaturated fats. What is the percentage of energy supplied by the lipids?

33%

What amino acid has been linked to the development of the rare blood disorder eosinophilia myalgia in people who took it as a supplement?

Tryptophan

In addition to energy, what are the principal end products of cellular oxidation of carbohydrates?

ATP, water, Co2

The number of ATP molecules that can be produced from a molecule of protein, fat, or carbohydrate is generally related to the number of atoms of

Hydrogen Atoms

Which of the following is a feature of homocysteine?

Increase risk for heart disease

In relation to the range of protein intake as a percentage of energy intake, what would be the highest safe level of protein intake for a 60- kg adult ingesting 2500 kcalories?

10-20%

Which of the following is related to the quality of a food protein?

essential amino acid content

The disease phenylketonuria is related chiefly to abnormal metabolism of

Phenylalanine

What is the sequence of stages that brings about advanced liver disease caused by chronic alcohol toxicity?

Fatty liver

fibrosis

cirrhosis

Oil that is partially hydrogenated sometimes changes one or more of its double bond configurations from

CIS to transfats

An omega-3 fatty acid has its first double bond on the

3rd carbon atom

Jim, a college baseball player, tells you that he has started to take glutamine supplements. How would you advise him?

No benefit

What is the major source of "good" cholesterol?

Endoenous

What is the percent digestibility of most animal proteins?

90 to 99%

Production of excessive amounts of acetyl CoA molecules leads to the synthesis of

Fatty Acids

Of the total amount of carbohydrate energy consumed by the body, approximately what percentage is used by the brain and nerve cells?

50%

Which of the following would describe the state of nitrogen balance of a person who ingested 16 g of food nitrogen and lost 19 g of nitrogen?

Negative loss

( lost more than what was ingested)

What is the fate of excess dietary protein?

Degrade and store as fat

What amino acid is used to synthesize the neurotransmitter serotonin and the vitamin niacin?

Tryptophan

What amino acid is classified as conditionally essential when dietary intake of phenylalanine is insufficient or the body cannot normally metabolize phenylalanine?

Tyrosine

The conditions known as acidosis and alkalosis refer to a disruption of the body s

PH

A person with fruity odor on the breath demonstrates evidence of metabolic

Ketosis

Your college dormitory roommate, James, told you that he had anemia for quite some time and that it s from having abnormally-shaped hemoglobin. What type of anemia does James have?

Sicle cell anemia

Of the following sources of amino acids, which would be best absorbed in normal, healthy people?

whole proteins

Aspirin works to reduce the symptoms of infection or pain by retarding the synthesis of

Eicosanoids

What protein is intimately involved in the formation of scar tissue in wound healing?

Collgen

The Cori cycle involves the interconversion of

Lactate to glucose

What is a "limiting" amino acid in a protein?

essential amino acid present and insufficient amount to make protein

Approximately how many molecules of ATP are generated from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose?

32 ATP

Chylomicrons are synthesized within the

Intestinal cells

Bile is known to assist in the absorption of

Fats

A lacto-ovo vegetarian wishing to ensure a liberal intake of linolenic acid should consume

nuts, seeds

Which of the following describes a recognized relationship between dietary fat and cancer?

High saturated fats

Approximately what percentage of children worldwide have protein-energy malnutrition?

25%

Approximately how many different amino acids are used in the synthesis of body proteins?

20

Jake is getting ready for spring training and is sitting down to a dinner of half a chicken, a rib-eye steak, black beans, and 5 slices of bacon. He has been eating typical dinners like this for about a month and has since gained 7 pounds, while exercising only briefly. When Jake asks why he doesn t see an increase in his biceps or abs, the proper response should be

Dietary protein alone does not contribute to muscle increase

What is the most likely reason for a person to have abnormally high blood ammonia levels?

liver not functioning properly

Which of the following can not be formed from pyruvate in human beings?

Fatty acids

At what point is oxygen used in the electron transport chain?

At the end

A compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol would be known as a

Triglyceride

Approximately what percentage of the body s energy expenditure is furnished by amino acids?

10- 20%

Tissue swelling that results from water accumulating between cells is known as

Edema

The body s need for water increases on a diet high in

Protein

Jason is 35 years old and was recently diagnosed with 2 failing kidneys. He was advised to decrease the amount protein he consumes. If Jason cheats by eating an unce steak for dinner tonight, shortly thereafter there would most likely be an increase in the urea levels of his

blood

What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells?

ATP

How is soluble fiber in the diet thought to help lower blood cholesterol level?

Enhance the excretion of bile

What nutrient is used to form ketones?

fat

Excessive amounts of homocysteine in the blood are thought to increase the risk for

heart disease

The study of how environmental factors influence the expression of genes without altering the DNA is known as

Epigenetics

Your cousin Wanda was born with a genetic defect affecting her digestion, namely, a lack of intestinal villus tripeptidases and dipeptidases. Which of the following digestive processes would not take place?

can not break down peptides to amino acids

Approximately how many grams of fat would be contained in an 800-kcalorie meal that provides 50% of the energy from carbohydrate, 20% from protein, and the remainder from fat?

Which of the following is a common dietary saturated fatty acid?

Steric

In comparison to the composition of carbohydrates and fats, which element found in proteins makes them unique?

Nitrogen

In the process of fat hydrogenation, hydrogen atoms are added to which part of the molecule?

Carbon

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the body s higher metabolic efficiency of converting a molecule of corn oil into stored fat compared with a molecule of sucrose?

fewer metabolic reactions

Why does the FDA advise against consumption of certain fish such as swordfish and shark by women of childbearing age?

high mercury

Lipids differ in their degree of saturation or unsaturation due to their number of

Double bonds