substance on which a catalyst works

substrate

biologic catalyst; protein in nature

enzyme

increases the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the product

catalyst

provides a standard of comparison for test results

control

list 3 characteristics of enzymes

specificity
temperature specific
pH specific

the enzymes of the digestive system are classified as hydrolyses. What does this mean?

hydrolyses break down organic food molecules by adding water to the molecular bonds, thus cleaving the bonds between the subunits or monomers

organ producing salivary amylase; trypsin; lipase

salivary glands
pancreas
pancreas

site of action: salivary amylase; tyrpsin; lipase

oral cavity
small intestine
small inteetine

substrate: salivary amylase; trypsin; lipase

starch
proteins
fats

optimal pH: salivary amylase; trypsin; Lipase

6.7-7.0
8.0
7.4-8.0

end products of digestion: proteins

amino acids

end products of digestion: carbs

simple sugars

end products of digestion: fats

fatty acids and glycerol

used to test for protein hydrolysis, which was indicated by yellow color

BAPNA

used to test for starch, indicated by blue black color

Lugols iodine (IKI)

used to test for fatty acids, change from blue to pink

litmus

used to test for reducing sugars (maltost, sucrose, glucose) change to blue green or orange

benedicts solution

swallowing

degulutition

two phases of swallowing

buccal
pharyngeal-esophageal

voluntary phase of swallowing

buccal

during voluntary phase the _ is used to push food to back of throat

tongue

during swallowing the _ risies to ensure passageway is covered by epiglottis so that the ingested substances dont enter the respiratory passageways

larynx

it is possible to swallow water while standing on your head bc the water is carried along the esophagus involuntarily by the process of _

peristalsis

the pressure exerted by foodstuffs on the _ sphincter causes it to open, allowing the food to enter the stomach

gastroesophageal

the 2 major propulsive movements that occur in small intestine are _ and _

peristalsis
segmentation

one of these movements _ acts to continually mix food and increase absorption rate by moving different parts of the chyme mass over the intestinal mucosa, but has less of a role in moving foods along digestive tract

segmentation