chemistry

the study of matter, its composition, properties, and transformation

matter

Mass and occupied space.

what is composition made of?

rocks, minerals, everything of our crust

Properties

Hard? Soft? Density?

physical change

boiling, freezing, and melting point

chemical change

involves into a new substance "transformation"

properities

unique set of characteristics that identify a matter

Density( low)

Density (High)

L- Loose packed

H- Tightly packed

deci

-1

centi

-2

mili

-3

micro

-6

nano

-9

pico

-12

femto

-15

kilo

3

mega

6

giga

9

tera

12

intesive

independent of the quantity of matter ( color, odor, density, temperature)

extensive

dependent on the quantity of matter ( mass, volume, heat)

sig fig rules

- non- zero digits are always significant

- any zeros between two sig digits are sig

- a final zero or trailing zero in the decimal portion are signfigant

sig fig rules (adding/ subtraction)

- count the number of sig. figs in the decimal portion in the problem

- add or subtract

- round the answer to the last number of places in the decimal portion

sig fig rules ( multi./ Dividing)

- the least number of sig. figs in the problem is the number who determines the answers sig. figs

What do we use acceleration to find?

how much matter is in an object

what is weight?

refers to the force of gravity on an object

what is the law of conversion?

summarize all scientific observations about matter

atom

smallest particle of an element that has properties of that element and can enter into a chemical combination

-discovered by democritus- believed atmons are made of particles that could not be broken down

molecule

consist of two or more atoms joined together by strong forces called chemical bonds

pure substance

constant composition, pure ( nacl, h20,)

mixture

is composed of two or more types of matter that can be present in varying amounts and can be separated by physical change ( evaporation)

heterogenous

a mixture that varies from point to point ( sand water)

the properties of each substance don't change

homogenous

also called a SOLUTION, exhibits a uniform composition and appears visually the same throughout

(Sports drinks).. same amount of sugar to water throughout ever drink

accuracy

how close to the measurement is to the true value

percision

is how consistent results are when measurements are repeated

difference between chemical change and physical

chemical change atoms rearrange, physical change molecular structure stays the same

physical change characteristics

-color

-density

-solubility

-sour taste

-melting point

chemical change

- flammability

- reacts with acid

-supports combustion

-reacts with water to form gas

-reacts with base

atomic theory

-All matters are made of tiny indivisible particles called "atoms"

- Atoms of same element are similar, atoms of different elements are different

-Elements combine to form compounds, combination of atoms of different element, produce compound atom

-Created by john Dalton

Conservation of mass

mass is constant (does not change and can not be broken or destroyed) "here to stay"

law of definite proportion

elements combine in fixed proportion by mass to form compound.

( they also combine in certain ways, never changes)

ALSO, it is fixed because you need to take the whole atom, never can take a portion

example: 1g hydrogen and 8g oxygen and 9g water) FIXED BY MASS

law of multiple proportion

-two elements can form more than one compound

example: hydrogen and carbon

-> one can produce carbon monoxide and another can produce carbon dioxide, etc...

negative (another word)

Anode

(reduction because it gains an electron)

"LEO says GER"

positive (another word)

Cathode

(Oxidation because it looses an electron)

"LEO says GER"

who discovered the x-ray

wihelm Roentgen

who discovered the electron

J.J thompson with the help of the cathode ray tube ( figured it out when the rays bent)

what is the charge of cathode rays?

negative "electron"

Who was Robert Millikan?

"oil drop experiment" which measured the charge of the electron

who discovered radioactivity?

Henri Bacquerei

(something that is giving energy)

what aided the discovery of radioactivity?

uranium salt

who discovery the gamma ray?

ernest Rutherford

who designed the mass spectrometer

Francis Aston

What does the mass spectrometer do ?

- gives relative mass of particles

-invented neutron because there was missing mass in the negative/ positive atom

what year was the neutron discovered ?

1932

who carried out the gold foil experiment ?

Rutherfrod

this helped discover the nucleus

( the alpha particle hit the middle and bounced all around

H

hydrogen

K

potassium

v

Vanadium

Ti

Titanium

Se

Selenium

Kr

Krpton

Co

Cobalt

Sc

Scandium

Ca

Calcium

Cr

Chromium

Mn

Manganese

Fe

Iron

Ni

Nickel

Cu

Copper

Zn

Zinc

Ga

Gallium

Ge

Germanium

As

Arsenic

Br

Bromine

Ar

Argon

Cl

Chlorine

S

Sulfur

P

Phosphorus

Si

Silicon

Al

Aluminum

Mg

Magnesium

Na

Sodium

Ne

Neon

F

Flourine

O

Oxygen

N

Nitrogen

C

Carbon

B

Boron

Be

Beryllium

Li

Lithium

He

Helium

Area

length x length

Volume

length x length x length

density

mass/volume = kg/m^3

velocity

distance/ time = m/s

accleration

velocity/ time = m/s^2

force

mass x acceleration= newtons

word and energy

kg x (m^2/S^2) = joule

power

energy/ time = watts

pressure

force/ area= Pascal

what does the atomic number represent ?

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

atomic weight

the average mass of all isotopes of an element

isotope

atoms of same element with different mass number

what does M-A=N represent ?

mass- atomic number = neutrons

who was niels bohr ?

figured out why electrons stay away from the nucleus

oxidation and reduction

leo says ger

what is oxidation state ?

is the gain or loosing of electrons

who was dimitri mendelveev ?

put together the periodic table

who was Lothar Meyer ?

organized them into rows (periodic law) and properties of elements

Periodic Law

Properties of elements are periodic function of atomic number

What are rows called and what are columns called?

R- called period run from top to bottom (But side to side) 1 to 7

C- called groups run from left to right (down if looking for something)

what does group A represent ?

represents elements or main group elements

what does group B represent?

transitional metals

*Have roman numerals *

Characteristics of metal ?

Solid, shiny matter, good conductors

- tend to loose electrons (cation)

Characteristics of non- metals ?

Liquid, gas, dull, opaque ( not transparent)

-poor conductors

-gain electrons (Anion)

Characteristics of Metalloid ?

Semi metals

Semi conductors

How are the elements labeled by groups?

- Alkai metals (expect hydrogen)

- Alkaine metals (earth metals )

- Boron family

-Carbon family

-nitrogen Family

-Oxygen family

-Halogens

- Noble gases or inhert gases

What is a compound ?

two or more elements bound together producing a specify structure

what is Ionic compound ?

Metal with non- metal

- transfer electrons from metal to non- metal

- generally soluble in water

- high melting point

(REMEBER TICS) - TRANSFER IONIC... COVALENT SHARE

what is a covalent compound?

- Non-metal and non- metal

- electrons are shared

- low melting point

- low boiling point

how to label transitional metals

Cu copper (II)

use roman numerals

how to label ionic compound

-combine the two elements together

- feCl2

-shows the simplest form of ratio of ions

question what is the oxidation number of cr in k(2)cr (2)O (7)

(answer is 6+)

-because you have to make the whole equation equal zero.

Take the charge at normal state and mult. by how many of the element you have and then subtract or add to get your answer

what is the charge of

group 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8

group 1=+1

group 2=+2

group 3=+3

group 4= -4,+4

group 5=-3

group 6=-2

group 7=-1

group 8=0 they don't loose or gain electrons

question: the mercury content of a stream was believed to be above the minimum considered safe- 1 part per billion (ppb) by weight. An analysis indicated that the concentration was 0.68 parts per billion. What quantity of mercury in grams was present in 15.0L of the water, the density of which is 0.998 g/ml? (1ppb Hg= 1ng Hg/ 1g water)

(.998(gW/L))(15000mL)(.68gHg)/(1,000,000gW)

It's just grams of mercury per one billion grams of water. You use the density of water to multiply by the volume to find the mass of water, then multiply the ppb to cancel out the grams of water and leave you with grams of HG

what is the formula for Cu (I) Bromide

CuBr

how to label a covalent compound

-molecular compounds

-represented by molecular formula

-DO NOT reduce

how to table covalent compound (examples)

co

Co(2)

n(2) o(4)

Sf(6)

Co- carbon monoxide

co2- carbon dioxide

n(2) o(4)- dinitrogen tetraoxide

sF(6)- sulfur hexafluride

percent composition

- find the mass of each element in the problem

- multiple the mass by how many elements there are

-add up all masses

- divide one elements mass by the total and times by 100

what is the percent composition of cu So(4) x 5 (h2o)

total weight= 249.72 amu

%cu= 25.45

%s=12.84

%o=57.66

%h=4.04

*should equal 100 or 99.99

difference between empirical and molecular for c(6) H(8) 0(6)

molecular =c(6) H(8) 0(6) ( not simplified) ( Covalent)

empirical = c(3) h(4) 0(3)( Simplified) ( Ionic)

What is avogadro's number

6.02 x 10^23 = 1 mol

* it is important because every element represents how much atom in a certain element

* this is your conversion factor

what is the mass in grams for 3.20 x 10^21 atoms of Cu?

Answer= 3.20 x 10^21 x 63.55 / 6.02 x 10^23 = answer (3 sig figs)

what is mass of ( in grams ) of 0.150 C(3) H(8)?

answer =6.6165

what is the empirical formula of 40.00% carbon, 6.63% hydrogen, 53.37 oxygen ?

answer: c1 h2 01

* you might have to multiply if the number is not close to a whole number (2.33) multiply by any number to get actually numbers without decimals

Polyatomic Ion

OH^-

Hydroxide

CN^-

Cyanide

NO₂ ^-

Nitrate

PO₃ ^3-

Phosphite

SO₄ ^2-

Sulfate

MnO₄ ^-

Permanganate

CrO₄ ²

Chromate

Cr₂ O² ₇

Dichromate

CO₃ ^-2

Carbonate

HCO₃ ^-

Bicarbonate

NO₃ ^-

Nitrate

SO₃ ^2-

Sulfite

PO^3- ₄

Phosphate

NH₄ ⁺

Ammonium

How to convert grams to mol

Grams/ Molecule or Grams/ formula (weight)

to convert mol to gram

mol x formula ( weight)

What is the rule about rounding when trying to find _CxHyOz

*You can no round if the number is 2.33, you must multiply to find a better number

what does one mol represent

6.02 x 10²³

^{*Arogadro's number}

How to convert percentage to give answer to how much of each element.

1. change the percentage

Example= 40.00 to 40.00

2. Divide by it atomic mass

3. Take the answer of all elements and divide by the smelled one

4. The division after step three is your answer

Mono

1

Di

2

Tri

3

Tetra

4

Penta

5

Hexa

6

Hepta

7

Octa

8

Nano

9

Deca

10