________ is the informal name of the group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes

Protista

Protists constitute a ________ group, and Protista is no longer valid as a kingdom

Paraphyletic

Protists are eukaryotes and thus have _______ and are more complex than prokaryotes

organelles

Most protists are ________, but there are some colonial and multicellular species

unicellular

Protists exhibit more structural and _______ _______ than any other group of eukaryotes

Functional diversity

_________, the most nutritionally diverse of all eukaryotes, include:

Photoautotrophs

Heterotrophs

Mixotrophs

Protists

type of Protist that contains chloroplasts.

Photoautotrophs

type of Protist that absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles.

Heterotrophs

type of Protist that combines photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition.

Mixotrophs

Protists can reproduce _________ or __________.

asexually, sexually

The plastid-bearing lineage of protists evolved into:

red and green algae

On several occasions during eukaryotic evolution red and green algae underwent __________ ___________, in which they were ingested.

(slide 8)

secondary endosymbiosis

(Five Supergroups of Eukaryotes)

incldues protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella.

Excavata

(Group under Excavata)

-derives energy anaerobically, for example, by glycolysis.

-has t wo equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella.

Diplomonads

Diplomonads are often parasites, for example, ______ ________- parasite of mammal intestinal tract.

Giardia intestinalis

( Group under Excavata)

-have flagella and undulating plasma membrane

-Include Trichomonas vaginalis, the pathogen that causes yeast infections in human females.

Parabasalids

Undulating Membrane

(Group under Excavata)

___________ is a diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites.

Euglenozoa

The Euglenozoa clade includes the __________ and _________.

kinetoplastids and euglenids

The main feature distinguishing the Euglenozoans as a clade is a spiral or _______ ____ of unknown function inside their flagella.

crystalline rod

______________ have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast.

Kinetoplastids

The parasitic Kinetoplastids _________ causes sleeping sickness (spread of tsetse fly).

Trypanosoma

________ have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell.

Euglenids

____________ may have originated by secondary endosymbiosis.

Chromalveolata

Some data suggest that the clade Chromalveolata is ___________ and originated by a secondary endosymbiosis event.

monophyletic

The ____________ clade is controversial and includes the alveolates and stramenopiles.

Chromalveolata

Members of the clade ________ have membrane-counded sacs ( alveoli) just under the plasma membrane.

Alveolata

____________ includes the dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates.

Alveolata

_____________ are a diverse aquatic group of marine and freshwater photoautotrophs and heterotrophs.

each has a characteristic shape that in many species in reinforced by internal plates of cellulose.

Dinoflagellates

Dinoflagellate blooms are the cause of toxic "___ ____"

red tides

___________ are parasites of animals and some cause serious human diseases.

Apicomplexans

One end of the Apicomplexans, the _______, contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating a host.

apex

Most Apicomplexans have sexual and asexual _______ that require two or more different host species for completion.

stages

the Apicomplexan ____________ is the parasite that causes malaria. it requires both mosquitos and humans to complete its life cycle.

Plasmodium

________, a large varied group of protists, are named for their use of cilia to move and feed.

they have large micronuclei and small micronuclei.

Ciliates

Ciliates genetic variation results from __________, in which two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei.

conjugation

Conjugation is a sexual process, and is separate from reproduction, which generally occurs by ________ _______.

binary fission

The clade _________ includes several groups of heterotrophs as well as certain groups of algae (autotrophs)

Most have a "hairy" flagellum paired with a "smooth" flagellum.

Stramenopila

_____________ include diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, and oomycetes.

Stramenopiles

________ include water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews.

Oomycetes

most Oomycetes are _________ or _______.

decomposers or parasites

Oomycetes have filaments called ________ that facilitate nutrient uptake.

hyphae

Oomycetes ecological impact can be great, as in ________ _______ causing potato blight.

Phytophthora infestans

_________ are unicellular algae with a unique two-part, glass-like wall of hydrated silica. the wall resists crushing pressure.

Diatoms

______ ______, or chrysophytes, are named for their color, which results from their yellow and brown carotenoids All golden algae are photosynthetic, and some are also heterotrophic (mixotrophic)

• Most are unicellular, but some are colonial

Golden algae

_______ ______ are the largest and most complex algae

• All are multicellular, and most are marine

Brown algae

Brown algae include many species commonly called “________”

seaweeds

Giant seaweeds called ______ live in deep parts of the ocean

kelps

The algal body is plantlike but lacks true roots, stems, and leaves and is called a ______

thallus

The root-like _______ anchors the stem-like stipe, which in turn supports the leaflike blades

(slide 48) 

holdfast

The most complex life cycles include an ________ ___ ________, the alternation of multicellular haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) forms

Alternation of Generations

The diploid _________ produces haploid flagellated spores called __________.

sporophyte, zoospores

The zoospores develop into haploid male and female __________, which produce ________.

gametes are made for fusion.

gametophytes, gametes

Fertilization of gametes results in a diploid _______, which grows into a new _________.

zygote, sporophyte

The life cycle of the brown alga _________: an example of alternation of generations

(slide 53)

Laminaria

________ are a diverse group of protists defined by DNA similarities

DNA evidence supports ________ as a monophyletic clade.

Rhizarians

_________ move and feed by pseudopodia; some but not all belong to the clade Rhizaria

Amoebas

________ include radiolarians, forams ,and cercozoans

Rhizarians

Marine protists called ________ have tests fused into one delicate piece, usually made of silica.

Radiolarians

The _________ of radiolarians radiate from the central body

pseudopodia

_________, or forams, are named for porous, generally multichambered shells, called tests

Foraminiferans

__________ include most amoeboid and flagellated protists with threadlike pseudopodia but without a test.

Cercozoans

________ __________ is an autotroph with a unique photosynthetic structure.

Paulinella chromatophora

_____ algae and _____ algae are the closest relatives of land plants

the photosynthetic descendants of this ancient protist evolved into:

Red algae and green algae

Land plants are descended from the ______ _______.

green algae

__________ is the supergroup that includes red algae, green algae, and land plants.

Archaeplastida

___ ______ are reddish in color due to an accessory pigment called phycoerythrin, which masks the green of chlorophyll

Red algae

Red alga are usually ________; the largest are seaweeds (as well as brown alga)

multicellular

______ ______ are named for their grass-green chloroplasts, and are a paraphyletic group.

Green algae

The two main groups of Green algae are _________ and __________.

chlorophytes, charophyceans

__________ are most closely related to plan plants.

charophyceans

• Most ________ live in fresh water, although many are marine
• Others live in damp soil, as symbionts in lichens, or in snow

chlorophytes

________ include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals.

Uniknots

The supergroup Unikonta includes animals, fungi, and some protists

• This group includes two clades: the ________ and the _________ (animals, fungi, and related protists)

amoebozoans, opisthokonts

__________ are amoeba that have lobe- or tube-shaped, rather than threadlike, pseudopodia

Amoebozoans

(Some protists are parasitic)

__________ causes malaria

Plasmodium

(Some protists are parasitic)

_________ __________ is a dinoflagellate that causes fish kills

Pfiesteria shymwayae

(Some protists are parasitic)

________ _________ causes sudden oak death.

Phytophthora ramorum