Final
Osomoregulation
process of maintain water balance
excretion
removal of liquid waste
hyperosomotic
higher solute and lower free H2O
hyposomotic
lower solute and higher free h2O
osmoconformer
isnt able to cope with excessive water
osmoregulator
maintain of water balance
What happen to osmotic stress in freshwater?
organism will hyperosmotic. water stress because more in the body than out the body. excrete salts ions and large amounts of water in dilute urine
What cause osmotic stress in saltwater?
organism will be hyperosmotic.dissolve more solution in water. excrete small amounts of water
osmotic stress in terrestrial environment
water sources
- drinking water
eating
metabolism
most of water human have is from drinking from and 1/3 of water is from what you eat
what happen to water in terrestial organisms
loss water to the environment
liquid wastes
removed via process of nitrogenous wastes
who break down amnonia to urea
most amphibians,sharks,and some bony fishes
who's breakdown amnonia to uric acid
many reptiles
animal excretory system
none=porifera and cnidarians
protonephridia=flatworms
metanephridia= earthworms
malphigian tubules= insects, terrestrial arthopod
protonephridia
allows osmoregulate under lower
metanephridia
tubes that associated capillaries and blood vessels of earthworms and fluid can be modify. higher water balance
malphigian tubules
pulling water from hemolymph to nitrogenous wastes a way to regulate fluid inside the body.
excretory/urinary stem of vertebrates
kidney- organ of urinary system
ureter
urinary bladder(mammals only)
variation of urine concentration
hyposmotic=fish, amphibians, non-avian reptiles
hyperosmotic= birds and mammals
Why the difference?
urine concentration is less compare to blood. mammals have more concentration compare to blood so don't loss alot of water
mammalian urinary system
anatomy-
kidney- produce urine, conserves water, regulates pH
ureter- transport urine from kidney to bladder
urinary bladder- stores urine
urethra-transports urine from urinary bladder to outside
kidney:Gross Anatomy
Renal artery- bring blood in
Renal vein-bring blood out
25% of cardiac output goes to kidney
each renal prymid release one urine filled spaces
Mesosis 1
#1 Diploid --> 2 Haploid
Reduction in chromosome
Pro- crossing over homologous pairs
,eta- line up hortizonal
Ana- homologous pairs lined
tel- two haploid
crossing between homologous pairs of chromosomes--> increase genetic variability
Crossing over
occurs between homologous pairs of chromosome during Prophase 1
piece of DNA exchange between chromatids --> chiasma -->genetic recombination
humans- x-over occurs - 2 times /chromosome pair
2^23 possibility of crossing over
meiosis 2
no change chromosome number -> mitosis
prophase 2 -
Meta 2-lineup
ana- sister chromatid
tel-four daughter cells
male primary sex organs
organ- testes
function- produce spermatoga
spermatogenesis+ spermogenesis
semiforous tubules
where spermogenesis ishappening, can go through mitosis and mesosis most of goes through spermtogenesis basically like meiosis. where spermogenesis make its theshape.
hormonal regulation
hypothalamus release GnRh then travels to Ant.Pituary gland then released FSH&LH
Gonadotropin
influence gonad
negative feedback loop where inhibin is produce n the sperm to prevent too much
Female reproductive cycle
primary organ-vagina
functions- produce egg
two parts
ovarian cycle
uterine cycle
ovarian cycle
ovarian follicles are changing. consist of- oocyte which is surround by follicular cells.
associated with prometeral follicles
not active which will called primary follicles when become active. primary estrogen. ovarian cells been produce estrogen then it change
when we communicate, what is sent?
Nerves impulses
communication within an organism can happen through two ways
Electrical
Chemical
what is organ system ?
nervous system
what is neurons?
basic functional unit
3 basic properties such as axons, cell body, and dendrite
divisions of nervous system
Central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
motor division
sensory division
somatic nervous system
voluntary
conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
autonomic nervous system
involuntary
conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands
sympathetic division
mobilizes body system during emergency situations
parasympathetic division
conserves energy
promotes nonemergency functions
Glial cells
Myelin
formed by oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS
High lipid content
diet fat is important to early nervous system development
myelin is like rubber insulation aroun neurons
disease of myelin sheath
Mutliple sclerosis- oligodendrocytes and myelin sheath of CNS deteriorate. replaced by scar tissue. nerve conduction is disrupted
Tay Sachs
cause of nerve cells in CNS
Resting membrane potential
ions are unevenly distributed between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid
intracellular fluid has high potassium concentration
extracellular fluid has high levels of sodium
action potential
repolarization
voltage gated, K leaves the cell
negative inside cell
NA-K pump restores memebrane potential to -70 mv
Synapses
neuron and another cell
neurotransmitter
when sodium goes inside the cell potential increase
CNS- Gray and white matter
gray matter
white matter
spinal cord
information highway to brain and trunk/ limbs
enclosed in 3 menigeal layers
conduct sensory impulses from PNS to brain
conduct motor impulses from brain to skeletal muscles. smooth muscles. heart, glands
integration of reflexes
reflexes and the reflex arc
receptor
sensory (unipolar) neuron
integration center
region of spinal cord where incoming sensory information generates outgoing motor impulse
contain interneurons
motor (multipolar) neuron
transmits nerve impulses to muscle/ gland through ventral root to spinal nerve
Effector
organ (gland or muscle) that responds to impulse from the motor neuron