lung change in internal volume of the bell jar (thoracic cage)

diaphragm pushed up: decreased
diaphragm pulled down: increased

lung change in internal pressure

diaphragm pushed up: increased
diaphragm pulled down: decreased

lung change in the size of the balloons (lungs)

diaphragm pushed up: decreased
diaphragm pulled down: increased

lung change in direction of air flow

diaphragm pushed up: increased into lungs
decreased out of lungs
diaphragm pulled down: increased into lungs
decreased out of lungs

under what internal conditions does air tend to flow into the lungs?

increase in thoracic volume
decrease in pressure

under what internal conditions does air tend to flow out of the lungs? Explain why

decrease in thoracic volume, increase in pressure. Gases move in the direction that tends to equalize pressure inside and outside the "container"

activation of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles begins inspiratory process. What effect does contraction of these muscle have on thoracic volume and how is this accomplished?

increase in thoracic volume. The diaphragm moves inferiorly, increasing the superior/inferior dimension; the ribs swing up and out, increasing the lateral and anterior and posterior dimensions

What was the approximate increase in diameter of chest circumference during a quiet inspiration?

during forced insiration?

what temporary physiological advantage is created by the substantial increase in chest circumference during forced inspiration?

Increases the thoracic volume more; therefore, creates a greateer negative internal pressure, causing the gases to rush in quickly. Also, more "fresh" air reaches the alveoli.

The presence of a partial vacuum between the pleural membranes is integral to normal breathing movements. What would happen if an opning were made into the chest cavity as with a pressure wound?
How is this condition treated medically?

Destroys the partial vacuum in the pleural space and the lung on the affected side collapses.

Air is withdrawn (chest tube) and the chest is closed

which of the respiratory sounds is heard during both inspiration and expiration?

Bronchial

Which is heard primarily during inspiration?

Vesicular

Where did you best hear the vesticular respiratory sounds?

Heard over most of the lung area

Volume of air present in the lungs after a forceful expiration

residual volume (~1100ml)

volume of air that can be expired forcibly after a normal expiration

expiratory reserve (~1200ml)

Volume of air that is breathed in and out during normal respiration

tidal volume (~500ml)

Volume of air that can be inspired forcibly after a normal inspiration

inspiratory reserve (~2700-2800ml)

volume of air corresponding to TV+IRV+ERV

vital capacity (~4800ml)

would your vital capacity measurement differ if you preformed the test while standing? While lying down? Explain

Yes, both, when lying down or sitting the abdominal organs press against the diaphragm, making it harder for the diaphragm to move inferiorly

Which respiratory ailments can respiratory volume tests be used to detect?

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema (often associated). Chronic bronchitis lowers the volume of air that can be inhaled due to excessive mucus production; emphysema decreases the amount of air that can be exhaled (check valve effect)

% comp of air inspired

O2- 21%
CO2- .04%
N2- 78%

% comp of air expired

O2- 16%
C02- 4%
N2- 78%

where are the neural control centers of respiratory rhythm?

Medulla oblongata

Pons

respiratory rate and depths of respiratory peaks observed: talking

respiratory rate becomes irregular when talking

resp. rate and depths of resp. peaks observed: Yawning

Yawning is reflected by very deep prolonged inspiration

resp. rate and depths of resp peaks observed: Laughing

Respiratory rate becomes irregular. Respiratory depth may increase or decrease depending on the nature of the laugh

Resp rate and depths of resp peaks observed: standing

regular rythm and rate

resp rate and depths of resp peaks observed: Concentrating

resp rate is regular unless punctuated by intervals of apnea in individuals who hold their breath when concentrating

resp rate and depths of resp peaks observed: Swallowing water

respiration ceases during the period of swallowing

resp rate and depths of resp peaks observed: coughing

resp rate becomes irregular and marked by increased depth of expirations during coughing

resp rate and depths of resp peaks observed: Lying down

regular rhythm and regular or slighly depressed rate. Depth decreases

resp rate and depths of resp peaks observed: running in place

increased rate and depth of breathing

After breathing quietly and taking a deep breath which you held, was your urge to inspire or expire

expire

reflex when exhaling and then holding breath

inspiration

Explain results of breathing relexes

Hering-Breuer reflex. Both extreme deflation and inflation of the lungs excites receptors there. Impulses are transmitted to the medulla oblongata, which then initiates inspiration or expiration.

Why does hyperventilation produce apnea or a reduced respiratory rate?

Hyperventilation washes CO2 out of the blood. Since CO2 is the major chemical stimulus for inspiration, the desire or drive to breathe is decreased

Why does rebreathing air produce an increased respiratory rate?

CO2 (exhaled) accumulateds in the bag; this stimulates increased force/rate of respiration

What was the effect of running in place (exercise) on the duration of breath holding? Explain

decreases the duration because of the bodys need to get rid of CO2 and obtain 02 is increased by exercise

effect of respiration on circulation, explain data

Forced expiration increases intrathoracic pressure, reducing blood flow back to the heart, resulting in dilation of the neck and facial veins. Decreased cardiac output results in increased cardiac rate (seen here as increased pulse)

Increase in blood CO2..increase or decrease with respiratory rate and depth

Increase

Decrease in blood O2...increase/ decrease with resp rate and depth

Increase

Increase in blood pH...increase/decrease with resp rate and depth

Decrease

Decrease in blood pH...increase/decrease with resp rate and depth

Increase

Did it appear that CO2 or O2 had a more marked effect on modifying the resp rate?

CO2

where are sensory receptors sensitive to changes in BP located?

Aortic arch and carotid sinus

where are sensory receptors sensitive to changes in O2 levels in the blood located?

Aortic bodies in the aortic arch and carotid bodies at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery

What is the primary factor that initiates breathing in a newborn infant

increase levels of CO2 in the blood

blood Co2 levels and blood ph are related. When blood CO2 levels increase, does ph increase or decrease?

Decrease because CO2 combines with H20 to produce carbonicc acid (H2CO3) which dissociates and liberates a H ion

Which if any of the measurable respiratory volumes would likely b exagerrated in a person who is cardiovascularly it such as a runner or swimmer

VC
IRV
ERV
FEV would all increase

which if any of the measurable resp volumes would likely be exaggerated in a person who has smoked a lot for 20 yrs

VC
IRV
ERV
FEV would all decrease

define BUFFER

a molecule or molecular system that acts to resist changes in pH

How successful was the lab buffer (pH7) in resisting changes in pH when acid was added?

very successful

when base was added?

very successful

How successful was the buffer in resisting changes in pH when additional aliquots 3 more drops of the acid and base were added to the original samples?

Successful; only slight pH changes are seen

What buffer system operates in blood plasma

Carbonic acid bicarbonate system

which member of the buffer system resists a DROP in ph?

HCO3

which member of the buffer system resists a RISE in pH?

H2CO3

Expllain how the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system of the blood operates?

H2CO3 a weak acid remains undissociated at physiologic pH or acid pH. However, if the pH starts to rise, H2CO3 dissociates and liberates H, which acts to lower the pH. HCO3(bicarbonate ion) is the alkaline reserve; it acts to tie up excess H into the H2CO3 when the enviornment gets too acidic. Since it is a weak base, it doesnt unction under physiologic or alkaline conditions

what happened when the CO2 in exhaled air mixed with water

Phenol red turned yellow as CO2 mixed with water to form carbonic acid

what role does exhalation of CO2 play in maintaing relatively constant blood pH

CO2 leaves the blood during exhalation. This prevents an accumulation of Carbonic acid (H2CO3)