Arteriole

small artery

Calciferol

active form of vitamin d, secreted by the kidney

calyx; calix

cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis.

Catheter

tube for injecting or removing fluids

Cortex

outer region of an organ; the renal _______ is the outer region of the kidney

Creatinine

nitrogenous waste excreted in urine.

Cortical

pertaining to the cortex

Creatinine clearance

measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing creatinine from the blood

electrolyte

chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water; are necessary for functioning muscles and nerves.

erythropoietin (EPO)

hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells from bone marrow

filtration

process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter

glomerular capsule

enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus; also known as Bowman's capsule; collects material that has been treated in the blood through the walls of the glomerulus

glomerulus

tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney

hilum

depression in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave

kidney

one of two bean shaped organs on either side of the backbone in the lunar region; it filters nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream to form urine

meatus

opening or canal

medulla

inner region of an organ; the renal ____ is the inner region of the kidney

medullary cavity

(in long bones) the innermost part containing red and yellow marrow

nephron

mbination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place in the kidney; functional unit in the kidney; can form urine by itself; 1 million in each kidney

nitrogenous waste.substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine; examples: urea

uric acid, and creatinine

potassium

electrolyte regulated by the kidney so that a proper concentration is maintained within the blood

(K+)

potassium

Reabsorption

process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream

renal artery

blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney

renal pelvis

central collecting region in the kidney

renal tubule

microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration

renal vein

blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart

renin

hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing a narrowing of the blood vessels (vasoconstriction)

Sodium

electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys; needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions

Na+

Sodium

Trigon

Triangular area in the urinary bladder

Urea

major nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine

ureter

one of the two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

urethra

tube leading from urinary bladder to the outside of the body

uric acid

nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine

urinary bladder

hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine

urination (voiding)

process of expelling urine; also called micturition

cali/o-

calci/o, calyx(calix); cup-shaped

cyst/o

urinary bladder

glomerul/o

glomerulus

meat/o

meatus

nephr/o

kidney

pyel/o

renal pelvis

ren/o

kidney

trigon/o

trigone (region of the bladder)

ureter/o

ureter

urethr/o

urethra

vesic/o

urinary bladder

albumin/o

albumin (a protein in the blood)

azot/o

nitrogen

bacteri/o

bacteria

dips/o

thirst

kal/o

potassium

ket/o

keton/o, ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)

acetone

a ketone body

lith/o

stone

natr/o

sodium

noct/o

night

olig/o

scanty

-poietin

substance that forms

py/o

pus

-tripsy

crushing

ur/o

urine (urea)

urin/o

urine

-uria

urination; urine condition

color test

normal- yellowish; clear- watery; reddish- large amounts of blood in urine

appearance test

normal- clear; UTI- cloudy/turbid with pus and bacteria

pH test

normal- 6.5; bacteria present- alkaline (basic)

protein test

normal- small amounts; albumin- leak in glomerular protein

glucose test

normal- no sugar; sugar present- diabetes mellitus

specific gravity test

normal- normal gravity; too high- due to sugar

ketone bodies test

ketones present- sign of ketosis

sediment and casts test

presence of abnormal particles- due to pathological condition

phenylketonuria (pku) test

rare condition where baby cannot break down proteins (amino acids)

bilirubin test

present when patient has liver disease; pigment in urine due to hemoglobin breakdown

glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney

interstitial nephritis

inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules

nephrolithiasis

kidney stones (renal calculi)

nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)

group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine

polycystic kidney disease (pkd)

multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney

pyelonephritis

inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma

renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)

cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood

renal failure

decrease in excretion of wastes results from impaired filtration function

renal hypertension

high blood pressure resulting from the kidneys

wilms tumor

malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood

bladder cancer

malignant tumor of the urinary bladder

diabetes insipidus (DI)

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH

diabetes mellitus (DM)

insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

measurement of urea levels in blood

CT urography

x-ray images obtained using computed tomography show multiple cross-sectional and other views of the kidney

kidneys

ureters, and bladder (KUB), x-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder

renal angiography

x-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney

Retrograde pyelogram (RP)

x-ray image of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder

voiding cyst urethrogram (VCUG)

x-ray image (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding

ultrasonography

imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves

radioisotope scan

image of the kidney obtained after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) into the bloodstream

MRI urography

changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in three planes of the body

Cystoscopy

direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope).

Dialysis

process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the blood

Lithotripsy

urinary tract stones are crushed

renal angioplasty

dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries

renal biopsy

removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination

renal transplantation

surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient

urinary catheterization

passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder

BUN

Blood Urea Nitrogen

Cl

chloride - an electrolyte excreted by the kidney

C & S

culture & sensitivity testing - to determine antibiotic effectives against bacteria grown from a patients urine specimen

K

potassium - an electrolyte

KUB

Kidney, ureter, & bladder

Na

sodium - an electrolyte

pH

potential hydrogen, scale to indicate degree of acidity or alkalinity

UA

urinalysis

UTI

urinary tract infection

Urea

nitrogenous waste

Urinary Function

2-Kidney
2-Ureter
1-Urethra

Protein Process

Protein --> Nitrogen --> Urea

Cystectomy

Urinary bladder removal

cystostomy

opening of the urinary bladder

nephrostomy

opening of the kidney

azotemia

nitrogen in the blood

bacteriuria

bacteria in the urine

nocturia

urination at night

lithrotripsy

crushing stones

enuresis

bed wetting

toxo

poison

metro

uterus

tomy

processes of cuting

ren/o

kidney

emia

blood condition

ectasis

dilation, widening

lysis

breakdown,

ptosis

falling, dropping

ptysis

spitting

rraphy

suture

rreha

flow

poly

many

hydro

water

anti

against

ante

before

Urination

to void / micturition