Frontal

Forehead bone

Zygomatic

Cheekbone

Mandible

Lower jaw bone

Nasals

Bridge of nose

Palatines

Posterior part of hard plate

Parietals

Much of the lateral and superior cranium

Occipital

Most posterior part of cranium

Sphenoid

Single, irregular, bat- shaped bone, forming part of the cranial floor

Lacrimals

Tiny bones, bearing tear ducts

Maxillae

Anterior part of hard plate

Ethmoid

Superior and middle nasal conchae formed from its projections

Temporals

Site of mastoid process

Sphenoid

Site of sella turcica

Ethmoid

Site of cribriform plate

Mandible

Site of mental foremen

Temporals

Site of styloid process

Ethmoid, Frontal, Maxillae, Sphenoid

Four bones, containing paranasal sinuses

Occipital

condyles articulate with the atlas

Occipital

Foramen magnum contained here

hyoid

small U-shaped bone in neck, where many tongue muscles attach

Temporals

Middle ear found here

Vomer

Nasal septum

Ethmoid

Bears an upward protrusion, the " cock's comb", or crista galli

mandible, maxilla

contain alveoli bearing teeth

Define suture

All but one of the bones of the skull are joined by interlocking joints.

With one exception, the skull bones are joined by sutures. Name the exception.

With the exception of 2 paired bones (the parietal and temporal), are all single bones.

What bones are connected by the lambdoid suture?

connects the parietal and temporal bones with the occipital bone

What bones are connected by the squamous suture?

temporal and parietal bones on each side of the skull.

Name the eight bones composing the cranium.

frontal bone, 2 parietal bones, 2 temporal bones, occipital bone, sphenoid, ethmoid

Give two possible functions of the sinuses:

They lighten the facial bones and act as resonance chambers for speech.

What is the orbit?

Eye Socket

What bones contribute to the formation of the orbit?

Frontal bone, maxilla, lacrimal, ethnoid, sphenoid, palatine, zygomatic.

Why can the sphenoid bone be called the keystone of the cranial floor?

Since it is in contact with all of the other cranial bones.

cervical vertebra - typical

vertebral type containing foramina in the transverse processes, through which the vertebral arteries ascend to reach the brain

axis

dens here provides a pivot for rotation of the first cervical vertebra (C1)

thoracic vertebra

transverse processes faceted for articulation with ribs, spinous process pointing sharply downward

sacrum

composite bone, articulates with the hip bone laterally

lumbar vertebra

massive vertebrae, weight sustaining

coccyx

"tail bone:; vestigial fused vertebrae

atlas

supports the head; allows a rocking motion in the conjunction with the occipital condyles

vertebral foramen

cavity enclosing the spinal cord

body

weight bearing portion of the vertebra

spinous process & transverse process

provide levers against which muscles pull

body & transverse process

provides an articulation point for the ribs

intervertebral foramina

openings providing for exit of spinal nerves

body & vertebral arch

structures that form an enclosure for the spinal cord

A. INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMINA
B. LAMINA
C. PEDICLE
D. SPINOUS PROCESS
E. TRANSVERSE PROCESS
F. SUPERIOR ARTICULAR FACET
G. VERTEBRAL FORAMEN
H. BODY

Describe how a spinal nerve exits from the vertebral column.

Spinal nerves ( motor axons) exit the vertebral column via the ventral root (where they synapse on motor neuron ganglia ) then the ventral horn. Sensory nerves enter the spinal cord via the dorsal horn, synapse on the dorsal ganglia and enter the spinal cord.

name two factors/structures that permit flexibility of the vertebral column

discs and the S-shaped of the vertebral column prevent shock to the head in walking and running and provide flexibility to the body trunk

What kind of tissue compose the intervertebral discs?

fibrocartilage

What is a herniated disc? What problems might it cause?

a disc in which the nucleus puposus herniates through the annulus;

the nucleus pulposus compresses on the spinal cord leading to pain/possible paralysis

Which two spinal curvatures are observed at birth?

The two primary curvatures that we're born with are the concave forward curvatures in the thoracic and sacral spines.

Under what conditions do the secondary curvatures develop?

The "secondary" curvatures, the compensatory curvatures, occur with normal development. (Normal development is the condition under which they occur) These are the cervical curvature, which develops first with infant head lifting and the lumbar curvature, which develops next sitting up. These curvatures prepare the spine for ambulation.

A. ATLAS
B. AXIS
C. VERTEBRA PROMINENS
D. TWO THORACIC VERTEBRAE
E. INTERVERTEBRAL DISC

A. TWO LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
B. SACRUM

The major bony components of the thorax (excluding the vertebral column) are the ___________ and the _______________.

ribs and sternum

Differentiate between a true rib and a false rib.

a true rib is attached to cartilage that directly articulates with the sternum

Is a floating rib a true or false rib?

A free floating rib is neither a true or false rib. Ribs 1-7 are considered "true" ribs because they are directly attached to the sternum by individual coastal cartilages. Ribs 8-10 are considered "false" ribs because they are indirectly attached to the sternum by a common coastal cartilage. Ribs 11 and 12 are considered "free floating" because they are neither directly or indirectly attached to the sternum. Instead, they end in posterior abdominal musculature. They are still capped with cartilage though

What is the general shape of the thoracic cage?

cone-shaped

A. COSTAL CARTILAGE
B. TRUE RIBS
C. XIPHISTERNAL JOINT
D. FALSE RIBS
E. FLOATING RIBS

A. JUGULAR NOTCH
B. CLAVICULAR NOTCH
C. STERNAL ANGLE
D. MANUBRIUM
E. STERNUM
F. BODY
G. XIPHOID PROCESS