What is the distinction between evolution in language
(example: the evolution of galaxies) and evolution in
biology?

In biology, evolution involves heredity

What is the core theme of Biology?

Evolution

In Linnaeus' binomial nomenclature. The organisms

genus and species

What is the "Goal" of evolution?

There is no goal for evolution.
A common question to ask is "Why is this the way it is?" with
the expectation that some structure or other
feature has a purpose behind it. There will not
always be a good reason. For example, the
vagus /laryngeal nerve pathways that control the
heart / larynx. The laryngeal nerve follows the
vagus nerve down from the brain to the heart,
then loops around and proceeds back up to the
larynx. This makes no sense from a functional
aspect.

What is energy?

the capacity to do work

What is metabolism?

The sum of all the chemical reactions in an
organism.

Organic Molecules contain: (MARK ALL THAT
APPLY)

a. Nitrogen
b. Phosphorous
c. Hydrogen
d. carbon
e. Oxygen

a. Nitrogen
b. Phosphorous
c. Hydrogen
d. carbon
e. Oxygen

A control group:

does not receive a treatment.

Organic Molecules are molecule that come from
living organisms and contain what elements? (Mark
all that apply)

a. S
b. C
c. O
d. H
e. N

a. S
b. C
Note, this is note a strict definition,
some sources say a C­C bond is considered an
organic molecule also.
c. O
d. H
e. N

A Hydrocarbon contains: (Mark all that apply)

a. N
b. O
c. H
d. S
e. C

a. N
b. O
c. H
d. S
e. C

Isomers are compounds with:

the same numbers of atoms of the same
elements but with different structures

Which functional group (side­chain) can be "cross­
linked" in protein?

sulfhydryl

What is a polymer?

long molecule consisting of many similar
building blocks.

Hydrogen bonds are: (MARK ALL THAT APPLY)

a. between ions
b. covalent bonds
c. represented by dotted lines
d. between a positive (partial) and negative
(partial) charge

a. between ions
b. covalent bonds
c. represented by dotted lines
d. between a positive (partial) and negative
(partial) charge

The hydrogen bonds water forms with other
molecules make it sticky. This results in properties
such as: (MARK ALL THAT APPLY)

a. capillary action
b. cohesion
c. surface tension
d. adhesion

a. capillary action
b. cohesion
c. surface tension
d. adhesion

water sticks to and attracts anything with a charge (ionic or partial)

Molecules can have both polar and non­polar
portions, what happens to the non­polar portions in
water.

They aggregate away from water.

What happens to solutes, such as ions, in a solution?

Water forms a hydration shell around it.
This means that water is attracted to the solute
and must therefore also be in a higher proportion
in solution.

The primary function of starch is:

Energy storage

What functional group is most common in a
monosaccharide?

Carbonyl

Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and may be subcategorized as aldoses or ketoses. The sugar is an aldose if it contains an aldehyde functional group. A ketose signifies that the sugar contains a ketone functional group.

Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?

a. Galactose
b. Fructose
c. Glucose
d. Maltose
e. riobse

d. Maltose

Monosaccharides

a. Galactose
b. Fructose
c. Glucose
e. riobse

Which form of a monosaccharide is more prevalent in
water?

ring

When 2 monosaccharides combine they form what kind
of bond?

Glycosidic

A very long chain of monosaccharides is called a:

polysaccharide

Which of the following is composed of ONLY glucose
monomers? (mark all that apply)

a. Cellulose
b. Starch
c. glycogen
d. chitin
e. Maltose

a. Cellulose
b. Starch
c. glycogen
d. chitin
e. Maltose

All lipids are:

hydrophobic

Which of the following is NOT a lipid?

a. phospholipid
b. steroids
c. Triacylglycerol
d. polypeptide
e. cholesterol

d. polypeptide

Lipids

a. phospholipid
b. steroids
c. Triacylglycerol
e. cholesterol

Which of the following is NOT a polymer?

a. proteins
b. DNA
c. starch

d.Fats

d.Fats

A fatty acid consist of: (Mark All That Apply)

a. glycerol
b. hydrocarbon chain
c. carboxyl
d. triglyceride
e. amino

b. hydrocarbon chain
c. carboxyl

An amphipathic (or biphasic) molecule:

is hydrophobic on one side and hydrophilic on
the other.

How many rings are in cholesterol?

4

a triglyceride is composed of: (Mark All That Apply)

a. amino groups
b. cholesterol
c. fatty acids
d. glycerol

a. amino groups
b. cholesterol
c. fatty acids
d. glycerol

The building blocks of protein are:

amino acids

Which of the following are functional groups attached
to the central alpha carbon of an amino acid? (Mark
All That Apply)

a. carboxyl group
b. ester
c. amino group
d. hydrogen atom
e. side chain
f. phosphate

a. carboxyl group
b. ester
c. amino group
d. hydrogen atom
e. side chain
f. phosphate

Which of the parts of an amino acid are always the
same? (Mark All That Apply)

a. central alpha carbon with hydrogen
b. side chain
c. carboxyl group
d. amino group

a. central alpha carbon with hydrogen
b. side chain
c. carboxyl group
d. amino group

These are called the amino acid backbone.

Amino acid backbone.

central alpha carbon with hydrogen
carboxyl group
amino group

Which part of an amino acid is unique to a particular
amino acid?

side chain

This is often referred to as the variable group or R­
group. Although R is also a generic way of saying
anything with a C (carbon).

Category for the side chains?

b. Hydrophobic / non­polar
c. Hydrophillic ­ negatively charged
d. Hydrophillic ­ positively charged
e. Hydrophillic / polar

When multiple amino acids link up together they form
a polymer (long chain) called a:

Polypeptide

How many levels of protein structure are there?

4

Primary level of protein structure

Sequence of amino acids

Secondary level of protein structure

segments of the chain forming coiled or folded

Tertiary level of protein structure

the main, 3­dimensional shape.

description of the complex and irregular folding of the peptide chain in three dimensions

Quaternary level of protein structure

The 3­dimensional shape of an aggregate

arrangement of more than one protein molecule in a multi-subunit complex.

What are the 2 most common secondary structures of a protein?

Alpha­-helicies
Beta­pleated sheets

There were only 2 listed in your reading, these are
considered the most common, however, there are
many other common secondary structures.

a beta­pleated sheet is an example of what level of
protein structure?

secondary

What is the best / most accurate (currently) method
for determining a protein structure?

X­ray crystallography

What is it called when the shape of a protein is
destroyed?

denaturation

degradative processes in metabolism are called:

catabolic pathways

for a reaction to be spontaneous it must have:

a negative change in G

A reaction that absorbs energy is:

endergonic

How do you get an endergonic reaction to happen?

couple it to an exergonic reaction

Which of the following is NOT true about enzymes?

a. The provide and alternate route for a chemical reaction
b. They are used up in the reaction and are lost
c. They are catalysts
d. They lower activation energy

a. The provide and alternate route for a chemical reaction
b. They are used up in the reaction and are lost
c. They are catalysts
d. They lower activation energy

The location on the enzyme that binds to substrates is called the:

active site

A noncompetitive inhibitor:

binds to an enzyme away from the active site

when a molecule affects enzyme's shape and function it is known as:

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

nitrogenous base
(usually just referred to as the "base" (base as in acid/base)

phosphate
pentose
(a monosaccharide, pentose (5) because there are 5 carbons)

what is the variable part of a nucleotide?

base

A nucleotide is one of the structural components, or building blocks, of DNA and RNA. A nucleotide consists of a base (one of four chemicals: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) plus a molecule of sugar and one of phosphoric acid.

What is the structure of phosphate?

PO₄

What is the difference between Ribose and
deoxyribose?

deoxyribose has one few hydroxyl group (OH)

Which of the following is NOT in RNA?

a. Uracil
b. Cytosine
c. Adenine
d. Guanine
e. Thymine

a. Uracil
b. Cytosine
c. Adenine
d. Guanine
e. Thymine

How many rings does a purine have?

2

The 2 strands of DNA go in opposite directions, which is called:

anti­parallel

What direction does DNA ALWAYS go in?

5' ­­> 3'

What feature do all cells have?

plasma membrane

The liquid/jelly portion of a cell is called the:

Cytosol

The______ cell's size the _________ the surface
area to volume ratio.

smaller / larger

What type of organism lacks a nucleus

prokaryote

Which of the following is found only in plant cells and
NOT in animal cells?

chloroplast

Function of Ribosome

carries out protein synthesis

Organells of cell Involved in the transport of proteins

b. golgi apparatus
c. Transport Vesicles
d. Endoplasmic reticulum

Organelle that would likely be able to break down bacteria?

lysosome

What is a protein that has a carbohydrate covalent
bonded to it called?

a. glycoprotein ?
b. lipoprotein ?

d. glycolipid ??

Which of the following is not a fiber of the
cyoskeleton

a. microfilaments
b. centriole
c. microtubule
d. keratins

a. microfilaments
b. centriole
c. microtubule
d. keratins

How do ions pass through the lipid bilayer?

Transport Proteins

Which direction will molecules diffuse?

Down its concentration gradient

What is it called when substances use energy to cross a membrane?

active transport

the diffustion of water is called:

Osmosis

A cell that has more non­penetrating solutes is:

hypertonic

The process by which molecules are taken into the cell by pinching in to form a new vesicle is called:

endocytosis

What is the most prevalent catabolic pathway?

aerobic respiration