What are the functions of the Integumentary System?

• Two-way protective barrier
• Temperature regulation
• Houses the sensory receptors
• Secretes important fluids

Derm/o

Dermat/o

Skin

Kerat/o

hard, horny

Necr/o

death

Onych/o

nail

Xer/o

dry

BCC

Basal cell carcinoma

MM

malignant melonoma

What are the accessory organs of the skin?

• Sweat glands
• Sebaceous glands
• Hair
• Nails

What do sweat glands do?

Cool the body by perspiration

What are sebaceous glands?

Oil glands

What is the function of skin?

• Protection
• House nerve receptors
• secrete fluids
• regulate temperature

How does the skin cool the body?

• sweat evaporation
• dilates superficial blood vessels to release heat

How does skin conserve heat?

• Constricts superficial blood vessels to keep warm blood away from the surface
• continuous fat layer acts as insulation

What is Ecchymosis

A bruise due to blunt trauma

erthy/o

red

-derm/o

skin

What is erythroderma?

red skin

Wheal

round, swollen surface lesion that is normally an allergic reaction

Albinism

Genetic condition where the body is unable to make melanin

What is BCC?

Most common form of skin cancer in the US

Other types of skin cancer?

• Squamous cell
• Melanoma

Biopsy

The removal of a small piece of tissue for laboratory examination

hist/o

tissue

What does I&D stand for?

Incision and drainage

Xenograft

Skin graft from another species

Exfoliative cytology

Scraping cells from tissue to examine under a microscope

Curettage

Removal of superficial skin with a curette or scraper

Ichthyoderma

dry scaly skin

Frozen section

A thin slice of tissue that is cut from a frozen specimen and is often used for rapid microscopic diagnosis

(thyroid cancer is an example)

What are the functions of the Respiratory System?

• Inhale fresh air into the lungs
• exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide
• exhale stale air

lob/o

lobe

pneumo/o

lung, air

endo

within

-pnea

breathing

ARDS

Adult (or acute) respiratory distress syndrome

Nasal cavity

• Air enters through the nares

What is the nasal cavity divided by?

Nasal Septum

What separates the nasal cavity from the mouth?

Palate in roof of mouth

The trachea is also known as _______________

windpipe

What does the trachea do?

Carries air from the larynx to the main bronchi

How large is the trachea?

Approximately four inches in length

Distal end of trachea divides

Bronchial tubes

Bronchial tubes

Forms left and right main or primary bronchi

What does each bronchial tube enter?

a lung

What branches to form secondary and tertiary bronchi?

Bronchial tubes

The two distinct regions of the skin are....

• Epidermis
• dermis

What is the most superficial layer of the skin? Give an example

Epidermis

example: Epithelial tissue

What underlies epidermis layer and is mostly fibrous connective tissue?

Dermis

What is the Epidermis made of?

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

List the four distinct layers of the epidermis

• Stratum basale
• Stratum spinosum
• Stratum granulosum
• Stratum lucidum (only think skin)
• Stratum corneum

List the four cell types in the epidermis

1. Keratinocytes
2. Melanocytes
3. Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
4. Tactile (Merkel) cells

Keratinocytes

• produce fibrous protein keratin
• most cells of the epidermis
• tightly connected by desmosomes

Melanocytes

• 10 - 15% of cells in deepest epidermis
• produce pigment melanin

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells

• Macrophages
• Key activators of the immune system

Tactile (Merkle) Cells

Sensory touch receptors found in the epidermis

Deepest layer of the epidermis

Stratum Basale (Basal Layer)

Stratum Basale (Basal Layer)

• Deepest epidermal layer
• also called Stratum germinativum
• firmly attached to dermis
• single row of stem cells
• Melanocytes compose 10-25% of this layer

What do the single row of stem cells in the epidermis do?

• They are actively mitotic
• Produce daughter cells
• One cell from basal layer to surface takes 25-45 days
• One cell remains in stratum basale as stem cell

Stratum Spinosum

• Prickly layer of the epidermis
• several layers thick
• Cells look like spiked iron balls
• Dendritic cells are abundant

Stratum Granulosum

• Granular layer
• thin - four to six cell layers
• Cell appearance changes
• Cells above this layer die