Where is the heart located?

In the mediastinum between the second rib and fifth intercostal space

What is the double-walled sac that encloses the heart?

pericardium

What is the superficial layer of the pericardium called?

fibrous pericardium

What protects, anchors, and prevents overfilling of the heart?

fibrous pericardium (superficial layer)

What is the deep, two-layered level of the pericardium?

serous pericardium

Layers of the heart wall: what is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

epicardium

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart composed of crisscrossing, interlacing layer of connective tissue?

myocardium

Which layer of the heart is continuous with the endothelial lining of blood vessels?

endocardium

What are the chambers of the heart called?

atria and ventricles

What separates the two atria of the heart?

interatrial septum

What encircles the junction of the atria and ventricles?

coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove)

What separates the two ventricles of the heart?

interventricular septum

Describe the circulation of the heart

right atrium to right ventricle to the lungs, to the left atrium to the left ventricle to all over the body

What supplies blood to the heart?

the coronary artery

What are the receiving chambers of the heart?

the atria

What are the discharging chambers of the heart?

the ventricles

What are the vessels entering the right atrium?

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus

What vessels enter the left atrium?

right and left pulmonary veins

What vessel leaves the right ventricle?

the pulmonary trunk

What vessel leaves the left ventricle?

the aorta

Which side of the heart is the pump for the pulmonary circuit?

right side

What circuit involves vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs?

pulmonary circuit

What side of the heart is the pump for the systemic circuit?

left side

What circuit involves vessels that carry blood to and from all body tissues?

systemic circuit

Which circuit has oxygen poor, CO₂ rich blood?

pulmonary circuit

Which circuit has oxygen rich, CO₂ poor blood?

systemic circuit

Which circuit is a short, low-pressure circulation?

pulmonary

In which circuit does blood encounter much resistance in long pathways?

systemic

Which ventricle has a much thicker wall, reflecting its function?

left

What is thoracic pain caused by a fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium (cells are weakened)?

angina pectoris

What is a prolonged coronary blockage, where areas of cell death are repaired with noncontractile scar tissue?

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

What helps ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart?

the valves

Which valves prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles contract?

atrio-ventricular valves (AV)

What are the atrioventricular valves?

tricuspid (right) and mitral (left) valves

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

Between the right atrium and right ventricle

Where is the mitral valve located?

Between the left atrium and left ventricle

In which direction to the valves open?

towards the ventricles

What prevents backflow into the ventricles when the ventricles relax?

semilunar valves

What are the two semilunar valves?

aortic and pulmonary

Where does the aortic semilunar valve go?

to the lungs

Where does the pulmonary semilunar valve go?

to the aorta