reaction that PRODUCES energy by causing a molecule to LOSE electrons

OXIDATION REACTION

reaction that REQUIRES energy in causing a molecule to GAIN electrons

REDUCTION REACTION

electrons that are lost in the oxidation reaction are the same electrons that are gained in the reduction reaction. these two reactions are collectively called

REDOX ( REDuction/ OXidation) REACTION

1. stores chemical energy released by catabolic reactions

2. provides energy for anabolic reactions

FUNCTION OF ATP

ADDING phosphate and STORING energy

PHOSPHORYLATION

REMOVING phosphate and RELEASING energy

DE-PHOSPHORYLATION

inhibition that occurs when the

-end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the enzyme activity near the start of the pathway

FEEDBACK INHIBITION

what is the FINAL electron acceptor (END PRODUCT) in AEROBIC respiration

OXYGEN (O₂)

what is the FINAL electron acceptor (END PRODUCT) in ANAEROBIC respiration

any INORGANIC molecule other than OXYGEN (O₂)

the ONLY enzyme that is NOT a protein

RIBOENZYME

cut and splice RNA in EUKARYOTIC cells

what is the FUNCTION OF A RIBOENZYME

enzyme inhibitors can be

1. COMPETITIVE- compete directly for the active site
2. NON-competitive- compete INdirectly for the alosteric site- ALLOSTERIC INHIBITION

a substance that binds to the enzyme and induces the enzyme's inactive form- NON-competitive inhibition

ALLOSTERIC INHIBITION

what causes an active site to CHANGE SHAPE preventing the substrate from fitting

ALLOSTERIC SITE

the process by which living organisms AEROBICALLY harvest energy from food

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

what is glycolysis

the SPLITTING of sugar

one glucose molecule produce TWO _________ and TWO __________

ATP & NADH

the end product of glycolysis

1. PYRUVIC ACID (pyruvate)
2. ATP
3. NADH

how many molecules of ATP are invested in glycolsis

TWO

in fermentation the final electron acceptor is

ORGANIC MOLECULE

PARTIAL oxidation of glucose (glucose is partially broken down) in the absence of oxygen

FERMENTATION

does FERMENTATION produce any ATP? if so.....how many

YES fermentation produces TWO ATP

normal byproduct of muscle metabolism, that can irritate muscles and cause discomfort and sorenes (cramps)

LACTIC ACID

small port in an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction

ACTIVE SITE

what molecule binds at the active site

SUBSTRATE MOLECULES

a molecule being acted on by an enzyme to make another product

SUBSTRATE

a NON-protein component (other than the substrate) whose presence is essential for the activity of an enzyme

CO-FACTOR

what factors affect enzymes

1. TEMPERATURE (LOW-HIGH)
2. pH (7 optimal)
3. SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION (goes high and plateaus)
4. SATURATION

BREAKING DOWN of more complex organic molecules into simpler substance and RELEASE energy

CATABOLISM (think catastrophe)

CATABOLIC REACTION

BUILDING UP of simplier substances to form more complex molecules and REQUIRE energy

ANABOLISM

ANABOLIC REACTION

the two major type of glucose catabolism are ________________ in which glucose is COMPLETELY broken down and________________ in which glucose is PARTIALLY broken down

RESPIRATION

FERMENTATION

the most commonly used carbohydrate

GLUCOSE

most of a cells energy is produced from

OXIDATION OF CARBOHYDRATES

the sum of all chemical reactions

METABOLISM

NON-active protein portion of an enzyme

APOenzyme

cells extract energy and store is as

ATP

proteins produced by living cells that catalyze chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

ENZYME

• catalyst
• speed up chemical reactions
• LOWER the activation energy of the chemical reaction
• specific to ONE reaction
• act on a specific substrate

FUNCTIONS OF ENZYMES

• a nonprotein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme
• They bind to the active site of the enzyme and participate in catalysis but are not considered substrates of the reaction
• Example NAD

Co-Enzyme

co-factors are composed mainly of

METAL IONS

an enzyme complete with both its APOenzyme and COenzyme components

HOLOENZYME

MAX number of substrate molecules an enzyme can convert to a product each second

TURNOVER NUMBER

10,000 - several millin molecular weight is the standard size of

ENZYME

enzyme name usually end in

-ase

each time a substance is oxidized another is simultaneously reduced

REDOX

NAD+ is reduced or oxidized

OXIDIZED FORM

NADH is reduced or oxidized

REDUCED (gained Hydrogen)

ADDING a P to a molecule is called

PHOSPHORYLATION

the most usable form of energy

ATP

most common pathway for the oxidation of glucose

GLYCOLYSIS

what is glycolsis

the breaking down of pyruvic acid producing small amounts of ATP and NADH that occurs in the cytoplas m

does fermentation require oxygen

NO

what are the two types of fermentation

1. lactic acid fermentation

2. alcohol fermentation

what determines whether cellular respiration is aerobic and anaerobic

the presence of oxygen

how much ATP does ANAerobic respiration produce

2 ATP

how much ATP can AERobic respiration produce

36-38 ATP