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Microbial Metabolism Chapter 5

front 1

reaction that PRODUCES energy by causing a molecule to LOSE electrons

back 1

OXIDATION REACTION

front 2

reaction that REQUIRES energy in causing a molecule to GAIN electrons

back 2

REDUCTION REACTION

front 3

electrons that are lost in the oxidation reaction are the same electrons that are gained in the reduction reaction. these two reactions are collectively called

back 3

REDOX ( REDuction/ OXidation) REACTION

front 4

1. stores chemical energy released by catabolic reactions

2. provides energy for anabolic reactions

back 4

FUNCTION OF ATP

front 5

ADDING phosphate and STORING energy

back 5

PHOSPHORYLATION

front 6

REMOVING phosphate and RELEASING energy

back 6

DE-PHOSPHORYLATION

front 7

inhibition that occurs when the

-end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the enzyme activity near the start of the pathway

back 7

FEEDBACK INHIBITION

front 8

what is the FINAL electron acceptor (END PRODUCT) in AEROBIC respiration

back 8

OXYGEN (O2)

front 9

what is the FINAL electron acceptor (END PRODUCT) in ANAEROBIC respiration

back 9

any INORGANIC molecule other than OXYGEN (O2)

front 10

the ONLY enzyme that is NOT a protein

back 10

RIBOENZYME

front 11

cut and splice RNA in EUKARYOTIC cells

back 11

what is the FUNCTION OF A RIBOENZYME

front 12

enzyme inhibitors can be

back 12

  1. COMPETITIVE- compete directly for the active site
  2. NON-competitive- compete INdirectly for the alosteric site- ALLOSTERIC INHIBITION

front 13

a substance that binds to the enzyme and induces the enzyme's inactive form- NON-competitive inhibition

back 13

ALLOSTERIC INHIBITION

front 14

what causes an active site to CHANGE SHAPE preventing the substrate from fitting

back 14

ALLOSTERIC SITE

front 15

the process by which living organisms AEROBICALLY harvest energy from food

back 15

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

front 16

what is glycolysis

back 16

the SPLITTING of sugar

front 17

one glucose molecule produce TWO _________ and TWO __________

back 17

ATP & NADH

front 18

the end product of glycolysis

back 18

  1. PYRUVIC ACID (pyruvate)
  2. ATP
  3. NADH

front 19

how many molecules of ATP are invested in glycolsis

back 19

TWO

front 20

in fermentation the final electron acceptor is

back 20

ORGANIC MOLECULE

front 21

PARTIAL oxidation of glucose (glucose is partially broken down) in the absence of oxygen

back 21

FERMENTATION

front 22

does FERMENTATION produce any ATP? if so.....how many

back 22

YES fermentation produces TWO ATP

front 23

normal byproduct of muscle metabolism, that can irritate muscles and cause discomfort and sorenes (cramps)

back 23

LACTIC ACID

front 24

small port in an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction

back 24

ACTIVE SITE

front 25

what molecule binds at the active site

back 25

SUBSTRATE MOLECULES

front 26

a molecule being acted on by an enzyme to make another product

back 26

SUBSTRATE

front 27

a NON-protein component (other than the substrate) whose presence is essential for the activity of an enzyme

back 27

CO-FACTOR

front 28

what factors affect enzymes

back 28

  1. TEMPERATURE (LOW-HIGH)
  2. pH (7 optimal)
  3. SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION (goes high and plateaus)
  4. SATURATION

front 29

BREAKING DOWN of more complex organic molecules into simpler substance and RELEASE energy

back 29

CATABOLISM (think catastrophe)

CATABOLIC REACTION

front 30

BUILDING UP of simplier substances to form more complex molecules and REQUIRE energy

back 30

ANABOLISM

ANABOLIC REACTION

front 31

the two major type of glucose catabolism are ________________ in which glucose is COMPLETELY broken down and________________ in which glucose is PARTIALLY broken down

back 31

RESPIRATION

FERMENTATION

front 32

the most commonly used carbohydrate

back 32

GLUCOSE

front 33

most of a cells energy is produced from

back 33

OXIDATION OF CARBOHYDRATES

front 34

the sum of all chemical reactions

back 34

METABOLISM

front 35

NON-active protein portion of an enzyme

back 35

APOenzyme

front 36

cells extract energy and store is as

back 36

ATP

front 37

proteins produced by living cells that catalyze chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

back 37

ENZYME

front 38

  • catalyst
  • speed up chemical reactions
  • LOWER the activation energy of the chemical reaction
  • specific to ONE reaction
  • act on a specific substrate

back 38

FUNCTIONS OF ENZYMES

front 39

  • a nonprotein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme
  • They bind to the active site of the enzyme and participate in catalysis but are not considered substrates of the reaction
  • Example NAD

back 39

Co-Enzyme

front 40

co-factors are composed mainly of

back 40

METAL IONS

front 41

an enzyme complete with both its APOenzyme and COenzyme components

back 41

HOLOENZYME

front 42

MAX number of substrate molecules an enzyme can convert to a product each second

back 42

TURNOVER NUMBER

front 43

10,000 - several millin molecular weight is the standard size of

back 43

ENZYME

front 44

enzyme name usually end in

back 44

-ase

front 45

each time a substance is oxidized another is simultaneously reduced

back 45

REDOX

front 46

NAD+ is reduced or oxidized

back 46

OXIDIZED FORM

front 47

NADH is reduced or oxidized

back 47

REDUCED (gained Hydrogen)

front 48

ADDING a P to a molecule is called

back 48

PHOSPHORYLATION

front 49

the most usable form of energy

back 49

ATP

front 50

most common pathway for the oxidation of glucose

back 50

GLYCOLYSIS

front 51

what is glycolsis

back 51

the breaking down of pyruvic acid producing small amounts of ATP and NADH that occurs in the cytoplas m

front 52

does fermentation require oxygen

back 52

NO

front 53

what are the two types of fermentation

back 53

1. lactic acid fermentation

2. alcohol fermentation

front 54

what determines whether cellular respiration is aerobic and anaerobic

back 54

the presence of oxygen

front 55

how much ATP does ANAerobic respiration produce

back 55

2 ATP

front 56

how much ATP can AERobic respiration produce

back 56

36-38 ATP