A prokaryotic cell will not have

a) chloroplasts

b) mitochondria

c) nuclei

d) all of the above

d) all of the above

The golgi apparatus is

a) a membraneous structure

b) a very large cell compartment

c) Associated with processing and export material

d) A and B

e) A and C

a) a membraneous structure

Which of the following would be useful in visualizing a living prokaryotic cell

a) a compound light microscope

b) a scanning electron microscope

c) a transmission electron microscope

d) a microwave scope

b) a scanning electron microscope

When studying a typical eukaryotic cell -an object that is 2 microns in size is most likely

a) subcellular

b) cellular

c) existential

d) ethereal

a) subcellular

The typical yeast strain used for making bread or beer is

a) Prokaryotic

b) Eukaryotic

c) Archean

b) Eukaryotic

The metabolism of hydrogen peroxide is probably occurring in

a) the nucleus

b) the lysosome

c) the chloroplast

d) the peroxisome

d) the peroxisome

The above image was generate using

a) a fluorescent microscope

b) a scanning electron microscope

c) a transmission electron microscope

d) a microwave scope

b) A scanning electron microscope

Endosymbiotic theory suggests that

a) mitochondria are derived from an ancestral prokaryote

b) the nucleus is derived from an ancestral prokaryote

c) the chloroplast is derived from an ancestral prokaryote

d) A and B

e) A and C

e) A and C

Na+ is considered one of the major groups of biological molecules

a) true

b) false

b) false

The reactive group -C=O is

a) a carbonyl

b) basic

c) weakly polar

d) A and B

e) A and C

d) A and B

You have isolated an organism that can catabolize polysaccharides that are connected by an alpha 1,4 linkage. Which of the following would be a good carbon source for this organism

a) fructose

b) amylose

c) cellulose

d) palmitic acid

c) cellulose

The above molecule is

a) a sugar

b) a lipid

c) an amino acid

d) A and B

a) a sugar

Fructose and Glucose are

a) monosaccharides

b) lipids

c) isomers

d) both a and b

e) both a and c

e) both a and c

Which of the following is a good example of an amphipathic molecule

a) glucose

b) a glycolipid

c) a lipid

d) a protein

a) glucose

If a phospholipid is added to water the molecules with produce micelles. Which part of the phospholipid will associate with the water molecules?

a) hydrocarbon tails

b) phosphate

c) a and b

d) the nitrogen atoms

b) phosphate

In the reaction A + B <---> C + D the (delta) G will be positive and the rate will be largely

a) to the left (toward A + B)

b) to the right (toward C + D)

c) at equilibrium

d) stopped

b) to the right (toward C + D)

Isoprene are often subunits of

a) steroids

b) carotenoids

c) bile and salts

d) A and B

e) All of the above

a) steroids

The above molecule is

a) a protein

b) a sugar

c) a steroid

d) a sphingolipid

c) a steroid

Nucleic acids contain a sugar as a portion of the molecule

a) true

b) false

a) true

The 5-prime carbon of most nucleic acids often is associated with

a) adenine

b) purines

c) phosphates

d) hydroxyl groups

b) purines

In the following formula regarding free energy ( G=H-TS), S is defined as

a) free energy

b) temperature

c) stored energy

d) entropy

d) entropy

ATP: when used in many biological reactions often results in

a) Increased S

b) a positive (delta) G

c) a negative (delta) G

d) Production of Adenosine

d) production of adenosine

In the reaction A + B <---> C + D: increasing the amount of A and B will probably shift the (delta) G to

a) zero

b) negative

c) positive

d) no change

b) negative

An enzyme defined as a kinase is involved with

a) most biological reactions

b) transfer of a sugar

c) transfer of a phosphate

d) production of dihydroxyacetone phosphate

c) transfer of a phosphate

What enzyme associated with gluconeogensis is necessary to reverse the step associated with pyruvate kinase in glycolysis

a) phophooenolpyruvate carboxykinase

b) phosphofructokinase

c) enolase

d) fructose- 1,6-diphosphate phosphatase

c) enolase

When using yeast to make bread there is probably an increase in

a) sugar

b) oxygen

c) acetaldehyde

d) lactate

a) sugar

The metabolism of fatty acids in a typical eukaryotic cell occurs

a) in the mitochondria

b) with a degrading of two carbon units at a time

c) with the direct production of NADH2

d) A and B

e) all of the above

d) A and B

Low oxygen levels will result in

a) a slow down of the TCA cycle because of high levels of NADH

b) a slow down of the TCA cycle because of low levels of NADH

c) an increase in the TCA cycle because of high levels of NADH

d) an inquired in the TCA cycle because of low levels of NADH

a) a slowdown of the TCA cycle because of high levels of NADH

The TCA cycle occurs

a) in the cytosol

b) in the mitochondria

c) in the chloroplasts

d) in the nucleus

b) in the mitochondria

In biological systems the cleavage of a protein to its amino acids and a starch to its monosaccharides is a process of

a) condensation

b) polymerization

c) hydrolysis

d) ATP utilization

c) hydrolysis

In a typical eukaryotic cell, glycolysis occurs in

a) the mitochondria

b) the cytosol

c) both a and b

d) none of the above

b) the cytosol

(GRE) Glucose is a simple sugar with the formula C6H12O6. If two glucose molecules are joined to form a disaccharide the molecular formula would be

a) C6H12O6

b) C12H24O12

c) C12H23O11

d) C12H22O11

d) C12H22O11

(GRE) Glycogen is a polymer of which of the following?

a) Fructose

b) Glucose

c) Sucrose

d) Cellulose

e) Galactose

b) Glucose

You and your lab partner have found a living organism and it contains membranes and DNA. You would classify this organism as a

a) prokaryote

b) eukaryote

c) you cannot classify the organism based on this information

d) plant

c) you cannot classify the organism based on this information

The DNA in your skin cells is found in

a) the nucleus

b) the mitochondria

c) the chloroplast

d) A and C

e) A and B

f) A, B, and C

b) the mitochondria

Where does the glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell

a) cytoplasm

b) mitochondria

c) nucleus

d) all of the above

e) A and B

a) cytoplasm

You and your lab partner are growing a cell line in the presence of glucose. When your lab partner adds a drug that mimics the presence of citrate it will

a) inhibit the conversion of dihydroxyacetone to glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate

b) directly inhibit electron transport

c) decrease activity of phosphofructokinase

d) increase activity of phosphofructokinase

d) increase activity of phosphofructokinase

FADH2 is produced during

a) glycolysis

b) TCA cycle

c) Fatty Acid Metabolism

d) A and B

e) B and C

f) all of the above

b) TCA cycle

The above molecule is found in

a) DNA

b) polysaccharides

c) fats

d) all of the above

e) none of the above

a) DNA

Metabolism of fats in a typical human cell involves

a) production of acetyl CoA

b) mitochondria

c) A and B

d) None of the above

c) A and B

The hydrolysis of ATP in the cytoplasm

a) has a very positive (delta) G

b) has a very negative (delta) G

c) has a (delta) G of zero

d) (delta) G can not be measured for this reaction

b) has a very negative (delta) G

How many acetyl CoA molecules are produced from one glucose following glycolysis

a) one

b) two

c) three

d) four

b) two

How many CO2 molecules are produced during lactate fermentation

a) 0

b) 1

c) 2

d) 3

c) 2

Where does the TCA cycle occur in a typical eukaryotic cell

a) cytoplasm

b) mitochondria

c) chloroplasts

d) a and b

e) a, b, and c

b) mitochondria

Which of the following is NOT a direct product of fatty acid metabolism

a) Acetyl CoA

b) NADH

c) FADH2

d) ATP

e) None of the above

d) ATP

Which of the following molecules is transported into the mitochondria

a) acetyl CoA

b) fatty acids

c) pyruvate

d) a and b

e) b and c

f) all of the above

e) b and c

A typical eukaryotic cell is about

a) 2000 micrometers

b) 200 micrometers

c) 20 micrometers

d) 0.2 micrometers

c) 20 micrometers

A symport is

a) two substances transported together in the same direction

b) two substances transported together in opposite directions

c) a simple pore for ion transport

d) an example of simple diffusion

a) two substances transported together in the same direction

Which is the following part of the glycocalyx

a) a glycolipid

b) a glycoprotein

c) a phospholipid

d) A and B

e) A,B, and C

d) A and B

The most common lipid in a human cell is

a) sphingosine

b) glycosphingolipids

c) phospholipid

d) cholesterol

c) phospholipid

Isolation of the molecule chlorophyll is probably best accomplished with a

a) polar solvent

b) nonpolar solvent

b) nonpolar solvent

You have isolated a membrane that contains a voltage gated transporter. Which of the following is probably carried by this transporter?

a) lipids

b) proteins

c) ions

d) sugars

c) ions

You have homogenized a plasma membrane and mixed it with oil and water. You would expect the fatty acids to orient with the

a) oil layer

b) water layer

c) not in either layers

d) gated transporters

a) oil layer

Which of the following may increase membrane fluidity

a) a decrease in cholesterol

b) a decrease in fatty acid length

c) an increase in unsaturation

d) a and b

e) all of the above

a) a decrease in cholesterol

Photosynthetic electron transport occurs

a) in the stroma

b) in the intermembrane space

c) on the inner envelope membrane

d) on the thylakoid membrane

e) in the outer envelope membrane

d) on the thylakoid membrane

The CO2 membrane transporter is more prevalent in cells that line the lung

a) true

b) false

b) false

Chloroplasts contain a reducible lipid in the membrane. Which of the following is a similar molecule in a mitochondrion?

a) cytochrome c

b) plastocyanin

c) ubiquinone

d) ferridoxin

d) ferridoxin

A typical mitochondrion is about

a) .01 microns

b) 1 micron

c) 100 microns

d) 1000 microns

b) 1 micron

Chlorophyll is a protein

a) true

b) false

b) false

Which of the following will not passively cross a typical cell membrane

a) H+

b) water

c) Cl-

d) O2

e) A and C

f) B and D

e) A and C

Which of the following has a higher concentration outside a typical plant cell

a) K+

b) H+

c) Na+

d) A and B

e) B and C

b) H+

Most of the ATP for a typical animal cell is produced

a) from glycolysis

b) from the TCA cycle

c) in a mitochondrion

d) from photosynthesis

a) from glycolysis

Carotenes and xanthophylls are considered to be

a) reaction center pigments

b) accessory pigments

c) electron transfer molecules

d) oxygen donors to light induced electron transfer

a) reaction center pigments

Two protons of light are used to drive photosynthesis in most eukaryotes. This is because

a) a reaction center has two chlorophylls

b) carotenoids absorb one and xanthophyll the other

c) there are two linked photosystems

d) NADPH picks up two photons

c) there are two linked photosystems

Glucose transport into and out of the liver can be described as

a) facilitated diffusion

b) simple diffusion

c) glycogen associated transport

d) ATP driven

a) facilitated diffusion

Sodium transport from sweat glands can be described as

a) voltage gated transport

b) ligand gated transport

c) stress gated transport

d) light gated transport

b) ligand gated transport

The electrons acquired from NADH in a mitochondrion are derived from

a) acetyl CoA produced from pyruvate

b) acetyl CoA produced from fatty acid metabolism

c) acetyl CoA produced from RUBISCO

d) A and B

e) All of the above

a) acetyl CoA produced from pyruvate

In comparison to cytoplasm plant vacuoles usually contain

a) elevated Na+

b) elevated K+

c) elevated H+

d) decreased H+

e) decrease K+

c) elevated H+

The final electron acceptor in electron transport in mitochondria is

a) CO2

b) O2

c) NADH

d) FADH2

e) C and D

b) O2

Passive transport may utilize a protein

a) true

b) false

a) true

Both O2 and CO2 are either produced or used in mitochondria. How are they transported into this organelle?

a) CO2 moves out and O2 moves in via antiproton mechanism

b) CO2 and O2 move across by diffusion

c) CO2 moves in and O2 moves out via a antiport mechanism

d) CO2 moves out and O2 moves in via a symport mechanism

b) CO2 and O2 move across by diffusion

ELVISLIVES is an example of

a) primary

b) secondary

c) tertiary

d) quarternary

e) misguided old rocking rollers living a lie

a) primary

A denatured protein has

a) lost conformation

b) gained conformation

c) increased tertiary structure

d) increased solubility

a) lost conformation

Chaperons are

a) lipids that facilitate protein folding

b) proteins that facilitate protein folding

c) protein transporter

d) people that make sure no hanky pinky occurs

b) proteins that facilitate protein folding

The recognition of a foreign molecule by your immune system is an example of

a) protein ligand interaction

b) protein-protein interaction

c) protein substrate interaction

d) all of the above

e) none of the above

a) protein ligand interaction

Cysteine is important for establishing

a) primary structure

b) secondary structure

c) quaternary structure

d) hydrophillic behavior

c) quaternary structure

An antiport is

a) two substances transported together in the same direction

b) two substances transported together in opposite directions

c) a simple pore for ion transport

d) an example of simple diffusion

b) two substances transported together in opposite directions

You have isolated a solution containing 1 mole of a functional protein. When you denature by gentle heating the solution you can isolate 4 moles of a given polypeptide. Your conclusion is

a) you have cleaved the amino acid backbone and created four peptides

b) you have disrupted the quaternary structure

c) you have increased enzyme activity

d) this result is not possible

b) you have disrupted the quaternary structure

In the formula RATE=Vmax[S/(S+Km)] the letter S is defined as

a) entropy

b) enzyme activity

c) substrate concentration

d) substrate synthesis

c) substrate concentration

End product inhibition is usually the result of competition of the end product and the substrate for the active site of the enzyme

a) true

b) false

a) true

You have isolated enzyme A which catalyzes the conversion of x to y. This reaction is not directly associated with ATP as a substrate but when you add a chemical that inhibits all protein kinase function the activity of enzyme A decreases. This is probably due to

a) Inactivation of enzyme A because it is a protein kinase

b) inactivation of enzyme A because its activity is positively regulated by a protein kinase

c) reconversion of y to x

d) over production of ATP

b) inactivation of enzyme A because its activity is positively regulated by a protein kinase

Where do you typically find cholesterol in a cell?

a) within the plant vacuole

b) on the outer surface of an animal cell

c) embedded in an animal membrane

d) all of the above

c) embedded in an animal membrane

The inner membrane of the chloroplast envelope is permeable to which of the following molecules

a) O2

b) CO2

c) H+

d) Cl-

e) A and B

f) C and D

g) All of the above

e) A and B

Integral membrane proteins can make pores

a) true

b) false

a) true

You have isolated a drug that digests carbohydrate chains but has the side effect of gastrointestinal distress. This is probably due to

a) disruption of sodium transport of glucose

b) disruption of ATPase transporters

c) Disruption of K+ transport

d) disruption of glycocalyx structure

d) disruption of glycocalyx structure

Coupled transporters always require ATP hydrolysis

a) true

b) false

b) false

Increasing the soil of pH for a typical plant will result in

a) an increase in Mg++ uptake

b) a decrease in Mg++ uptake

c) an increase in the activity of the sodium potassium ATPase pump

d) A and C

e) B and C

b) a decrease in Mg++ uptake

You have isolated a drug that inhibits the sodium potassium ATPase pump in an animal cell line. When you treat cells with the drug there is an immediate inhibition of pyruvate into the cytoplasm but there is a lag before there is an inhibition of pyruvate uptake into the mitochondrion. This is probably due to

a) a lack of ATP production

b) A build up of citrate

c) A depletion of pyruvate in the cytoplasm

d) inhibition of the mitochondrial membrane carrier for pyruvate

c) A depletion of pyruvate in the cytoplasm

The acetylcholine receptor discussed in lecture is an example of

a) ATPase pump

b) a gated transporter

c) a ligand bound H+ transporter

d) all of the above

e) none of the above

b) a gated transporter

Ribosomes are found in

a) the cytoplasm

b) the matrix

c) the stroma

d) all of the above

d) all of the above

The molecule Q has a higher affinity for electrons compared to NADH dehydrogenase

a) true

b) false

a) true

The H+ potential across the inner membrane of an active mitochondrion can be

a) ten-fold

b) 100-fold

c) 1000-fold

d) 10000-fold

a) ten-fold

Neutrophil attack at an infection site is mediated by

a) protein kinase activity

b) ATP hydrolysis

c) Glycocalyx interactions

d) Actin driven

c) Glycocalyx interactions

Glucose transport into and out of the liver can be described as

a) facilitated diffusion

b) simple diffusion

c) glycogen associated transport

d) ATP driven

a) facilitated diffusion

Passive transport may utilize a protein

a) true

b) false

a) true

In comparison to the cytoplasm the vacuoles in plants usually contain

a) elevated Na+

b) elevated K+

c) elevated H+

d) decreased H+

e) decreased K+

c) elevated H+

Disulfide bonds in a protein often result in stabilization of

a) primary structure

b) secondary structure

c) tertiary structure

d) peptide bond formations

c) tertiary structure

Where in a plant cell will the pH decrease in response to exposure to sunlight

a) the cytoplasm

b) the stroma

c) the thylkoid

d) the lysosome

e) the matrix

f) the inter membrane space

c) the thylkoid

You isolated molecules from spinach leaves using a buffer that creates an organic phase and a water phase. Where in the isolation would you find chlorophyll?

a) neither phase

b) water phase

c) organic phase

d) both phases

c) organic phase

A signal sequence can best be described as

a) cAMP

b) DAG

c) A stretch of amino acids typically 15-60 subunits in length

d) A and B

c) A stretch of amino acids typically 15-60 subunits in length

Transport of a newly synthesized protein into a nucleus requires

a) movement through a membrane translocator

b) movement through a nuclear pore

c) a symporter

d) an anitporter

b) movement through a nuclear pore

Proteins transported from the cytoplasm to the chloroplast matrix are

a) unfolded

b) moved in the folded state via a porin

c) moved via a symporter

d) moved via an antiporter

e) c and d

a) unfolded

The N- terminal end of a functional chloroplast matrix protein has the same N- terminus as the cytosolic form

a) true

b) false

b) false

Deletion of a mitochondrial signal sequence will probably result in

a) a nuclear protein

b) a secreted protein

c) a cytosolic protein

d) no protein

c) a cytosolic protein

You have mutated a gene so that one of three stop transfer sequences of the protein product is eliminated. This will most like result in

a) a lumen protein

b) a cytosolic protein

c) misplacement of the protein in the membrane

d) a mitochondrial protein

b) a cytosolic protein

You have recently discovered a way to label vesicles that are leaving the ER. Where do you hypothesize that the label will appear next as cell development progresses?

a) the membrane

b) the cis-golgi

c) the trans-golgi

d) the endosome

e) the nucleus

b) the cis-golgi

You have created an antibody that binds the protein clathrin. When you use this antibody to purify material from a cell culture what would you expect to isolate?

a) nuclei

b) mitochondria

c) newly formed vesicles

d) A and B

e) all of the above

c) newly formed vesicles

V-snares are found on

a) targets

b) vesicles

c) organelles

d) ribosomes

b) vesicles

A cell that constantly secretes a hormone can best be described as

a) busy

b) regulated

c) constitutive

d) steroidal

c) constitutive

You stick your finger with a pin. The inflammation that results is an example of

a) endocrine signal

b) paracrine signal

c) neuronal signal

d) contact-dependent signal

b) paracrine signal

An example of a slow response to an extracellular signal is

a) synthesis of a membrane protein

b) production of mRNA

c) Ca++ release

d) GTP binding

e) A and B

f) C and D

f) C and D

An example of a fast response to an extracellular signal is

a) synthesis of a membrane protein

b) production of mRNA

c) Ca++ release

d) GTP binding

e) A and B

f) C and D

c) Ca++ release

The above figure represents structures produced by

a) intermediate filaments

b) microtubules

c) actin

d) sacromeres

c) actin

Which of the following compounds will disrupt the formation of these structures

a) phalloidin

b) taxol

c) cytochalasins

d) relaxin

c) cytochalasins

RAS is

a) a protein

b) a lipid

c) a second messenger

d) an ion channel

a) a protein

Receptors for the steroid-type hormones occur largely

a) at a seven pass receptor

b) at RAS

c) at a cytoplasmic receptor

d) in the nucleus

d) in the nucleus

Active G proteins may target

adenylate cyclase

Most G proteins are in the "on" position when bound to

GTP

A-kinase

adds phosphates to target proteins

Enzyme linked receptors

a) often are associated with growth regulation

b) are considered a tyrosine regulation

c) often autophosphorylate

d) all of the above

d) all of the above

The three components of the cytoskeleton are

intermediate, filaments, actin filaments, microtubules

The structure of the nucleus is associated with

Lamins

Hair and feathers are

Keratins

The tensile strength given to human skin is largely associated with

intermediate filaments

a drug that destroys centrosomes will probably alter

Ciliary movement

The flanking region of a sarcomere is

a Z-disc

In a non-contracting skeletal muscle cell the Ca++ levels are elevated on

troponin

Know the actin filament and Myosin I

In a DNA double helix

a) the strands contain a sugar-phosphate backbone

b) adenine equals thymine

c) adenine equals cytosine

d) the two DNA strands run parallel

e) both A and B

e) both A and B

Semiconservative replication can best be described as

each daughter DNA molecule consists of one strand from the parent DNA molecule

Which of the following is true of RNA polymerase

It has a higher error rate in comparison to DNA polymerase

Which of the following statements is true of DNA replication in a cell

DNA synthesis begins with the production of an RNA primer

Which of the following makes RNA

A) RNA polymerase

B) single stranded binding protein

C) Primase

D) A and B

E) A and C

E) A and C

A gene from a human is inserted into a bacterial cell. However, the gene product is not produced. Which of the following may explain this lack of activity

a) the gene may contain introns

b) the gene has an incorrect promoter

c) A and B

c) A and B

You have developed a drug that crosslinks (covalently links) signal stranded binding protein to DNA. When you add this drug to a replication cell you would expect most of the single stranded binding protein to be connected to

a) the leading strand

b) the lagging strand

c) both strands

b) the lagging strands

The above molecule is

a) a DNA molecule

b) RNA

c) Both DNA and RNA

d) neither

b) RNA

You have discovered a mutant form of DNA polymerase in which there is no proof reading function. Which of the following properties do you expect the mutant polymerase to have?

a) it will polymerize in both the 5' to 3' direction and function as a nuclease in the 3'-5' direction

b) it will polymerize more slowly than normal

c) to replicate the same amount of DNA it will hydrolyze fewer deoxyribonucleotides compared to the normal polymerase

d)to replicate the same amount of DNA it will hydrolyze more deoxyribonucleotides compared to the normal polymerase

to replicate the same amount of DNA it will hydrolyze fewer deoxyribonucleotides compared to the normal polymerase

Your skin is exposed to elevated levels of UV light from the sun. If you have progeny what percentage might contain a mutation because of the exposure

0%

Which of the following is found as part of fully processed mRNA found in the cytoplasm?

a) a poly A tail

b) a 5' methyl G

c) introns

d) A and B

d) A and B

Snurps are

a) RNA protein complexes responsible for splicing together exons

b) RNAs responsible for splicing together exons

c) protein complexes responsible for splicing together eons

a) RNA protein complexes responsible for splicing together exons

A chromosome is

a dna molecule and associated proteins

DNA Polymerase makes few errors when replicating DNA. This is because

it has a 3'-5' exonuclease

Your DNA is reacting with water and the guanine bases are being removed. this is known as

depurination

A major difference between a prokaryotic gene and eukaryotic gene is

RNA polymerase in a eukaryotic cell interacts with a protein platform

Which of the following proteins are most abundant at the replication fork?

single-stranded binding protein

Which bases are found in DNA

A G C T

the human genome is composed of about

3 X 10⁹ base pairs

application of sunscreen to your skin prior to sun exposure hopefully prevents

thymine dimers

Which of the following is not found on a messenger RNA

the TATA box

The codon usage for the amino acid proline is CC and then any other base. This is an example of

wobble

Messenger RNA is produce by

RNA polymerase II

How many aminoacyl tRNA synthases are there in a typical eukaryotic cell

20

Some portions of DNA during replication contain uracil. This is a result of

RNA primers

the amino acid is attached to a tRNA at

the 3' end

An example of signal transduction could be

a hormone signal converter to a change in gene expression

a paracrine signal is an example of

short distance communication

cell signals can be

peptides, amino acids, steroids

Cell communication across a synapse is associated with

neuronal signal transduction

Steroid hormones usually bind to

interior receptors

The above molecule is an example of

a steroid cell signal

three common types of cell receptors are

Ion channel, G protein-linked, enzyme-linked

the largest class of cell surface receptors is

enzyme linked receptors

the above receptor is

a seven pass receptor

which of the following are examples of G-protein targets

Ion Channels

Adenylate cyclase results in

cAMP

Phospholipase C results in

inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol

The advantages of cAMP and inositol triphosphate in a message cascade is that they are

small molecules that diffuse rapidly, are synthesized so that they can be amplified by producing large amounts of the product, and are lipophilic

cAMP levels are regulated by the following

a phosphodiesterase and adenylate cyclase

Hormone>>>Seven-Pass Receptor>>> G-protein>>> adenylate cyclase>>> ***>>> gene regulatory protein>>> transcription factor.

Fill in the ***

A-Kinase

the substrate for adenylate cyclase is

cAMP

second messengers can result in elevated cytoplasmic calcium. The calcium is usually supplied by

the ER

Calcium levels in the cell may alter directly or indirectly the activity of the following protein kinases

CaM Kinase

Calmodulin binds

Calcium

Enzyme linked receptors when functional usually exist as

activated monomers and self phosphorylating enzymes

the receptor for initiation of the RAS cascade is

a tyrosine kinase

RAS binds to

GTP

High tensile strength, diameter of 10nm, and associated with most animal cells describes

intermediate filaments

your hair is similar to

microtubules

Keratins are

intermediate filaments

during prophase the nuclear membrane "breakdown. this is due to

a change in the lamin phosphorylation

Microvilli are composed of

actin filaments

as microtubules age

GTP is hydrolyzed

Kinesins are associated with movement along

a microtubule from - to +

You have treated a cell with taxol and find that a specific cell movement is inhibited. This movement is associated with

microtubules

The motor proteins associated with flagella are

myosin

Movement of a flagellum in a unicellular organism is similar to the function of muscle cell movement in animals. true or false?

true

actin is not found in plant cells. true or false?

false

in the cell cortex region, you would expect to find very high levels of thymosin. true or false?

false

troponin is a calcium binding protein. true or false?

true

Telemers are located

at the end of your chromosome

nucleosomes

are protein structures the eukaryotic DNA can wrap around

replication of origins often have a segment of DNA that is

AT rich

the number of replication origins in a human cell is

thousands

a codon represent DNA for

one amino acid

Okazaki fragments are found

on the lagging strand