Skeleton

-the body's framework, composed of cartilage & bone
-in embryos the skeleton is predominantly made up of hyaline cartilage, replaced by more rigid bone.

Functions of the skeleton.

-supports and protects the body
-responsible for body movement
-bones store lipid and minerals
-site of hematopoiesis

Axial Skeleton

-bones that lie around the body's center of gravity

Appendicular Skeleton

-bones of the limbs or appendages

Articular cartilage

-covers bone ends at movable joints

Costal cartilage

-connects ribs to sternum

Laryngeal Cartilage

-constructs the larynx (voice box)

Tracheal & Bronchial Cartilage

-reinforce passageways of the respiratory system

Nasal Cartilage

-supports the external nose

Invertebral Discs

-separates and cushions bones of the spine

Perichondrium

-dense connective tissue that surrounds cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage

-provides sturdy support with some resilience
-most skeletal cartilage is hyaline cartilage

Elastic Cartilage

-more flexible than hyaline cartilage
-located in the external ear and epiglottis

Fibrocartilage

-consists of rows of chondrocytes alternating with rows of thick collagen fibers
-great tensile strength, can withstand heavy compression

Compact Bone

-smooth and homogenous

Spongy Bone

-composed of small bars of bones and lots of open space

Long Bones

-much longer than they are wide
-generally consists of a shaft with heads at either end
-predominantly composed of compact bone
-examples: femur & phalanges

Short Bones

-typically cube shaped
-contains more spongy bone than compact bone
-example: tarsal and carpals

Flat Bones

-generally thin with 2 wafer-like layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them
-many flat bones are curved

Irregular Bones

-bones that do not fall into any of the categories
-ex: vertebrae

Sesamoid Bones

-special types of short bones formed in tendons
-Example: patellas

Sutural Bones

-tiny bones between cranial bones

Tuberosity

-large rounded projection

Crest

-narrow ridge of bone

Trochanter

-very large, blunt, irregulary shaped process

Line

-narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

Tubercle

- small rounded projection or process

Epicondyle

-raised area on or above a condyle

Spine

-sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Process

-any bony prominence

Head

-bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Facet

-smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Condyle

-rounded articular projection

Ramus

-armlike bar of bone

Groove

-furrow

Fissure

-narrow, slitlike opening

Foramen

-round or oval opening through a bone

Notch

-indentation at the edge of a structure

Meatus

-canal like passageway

Sinus

-bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

Fossa

-shallow basin-like depression in a bone

Diaphysis

-the shaft of a bone
-composed of compact bone
-has a smooth surface

Periosteum

-fibrous membrane covering the bone

Perforating Fibers

-fibers of the periosteum that penetrates into the bone

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are found on the inner, or osteogenic layer of the _____________.

Periosteum

Epiphysis

-end of the long bong
-composed of a thin layer of compact bone that encloses spongy bone

Epiphyseal Plate

-thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides for longitudinal growth of the bone during youth

Medullary Cavity

-storage region for adipose tissue, or yellow bone marrow

Epiphyseal Lines

barely, discernible remnants

Central (Haversian) Canal

-runs parallel to the long axis of the bone
-carries blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels through the bony matrix

Osteons

the central canal and all the concentric lamellae surrounding it

Canaliculi

-tiny canals radiating outward from a central canal to the lacunae of the first lamella and then lamella to lamella
-forms dense transportation networks through the hard bone matrix, connecting all the living cells of the osteon to the nutrient supply