These are lipid soluble hormones derived from cholesterol:

steroid hormones

Which of the following is a major eicosanoid?

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

What is a major difference in the mechanism of action of a water-soluble hormone versus a lipid-soluble
hormone?

the use of a second messenger in elicting their action

When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone, the interaction is called:

antagonism

Which of the following hormone pairs does not have opposite functions:

T4 and T3

Recall your knowledge of the sympathetic system. What would be the outcome of an injection of
epinephrine:

increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, dialated bronchi, and decreased peristalsis

What controls the anterior pituitary gland?

action of the hypothalamic hormones

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates growth:

growth hormone

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulate milk production:

prolactin

Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of which ions in the blood?

calcium

Which blood glucose-lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells?

insulin

Medullary chromaffin cells are analogous to postganglionic neurons and are found in the:

adrenal medula

Estrogen is to the female as this hormone is to the male:

testosterone

When a hormone is present in excessive levels, the number of target-cell receptors may decrease. This is called:

down regulation

For the formation of thyroxine to occur, it is essential that the ion of this element be present.

iodine

What stimulates the release of PTH from the parathyroid gland?

low levels of calcium ion in the blood

These cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete insulin:

beta

Target cells for hypothalamic inhibiting and releasing hormones are in the:

anterior pituitary

Releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the release of hormones in the anterior pituitary come
from:

hypothalamus

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of steroid hormones?

receptors are located on the cell membrane

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

pancreas

Which of the following pairs produce antagonistic results?

calcitonin and parathyroid

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH):

stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids results in the following clinical symptoms: redistribution of body fat, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, weakness, hypertension, 'moon face' and 'buffalo hump', excessive bruising, and poor wound healing. These symptoms are associated with:

Cushing's syndrome

A sign of pituitary dwarfism is:

premature closing of the epiphyseal plates

Which of the following are associated with diabetes mellitus?

glycisuria, polyuria, ketosis, and hyperglycemia

Autocrines are:

local hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them

Eicosanoid hormones are produced in:

all cells except red blood cells

This is the major integrating link between the nervous and endocrine systems:

hypothalamus

Blood passes in a direct route from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland through the:

hypophyseal portal vein

The posterior pituitary gland stores and secretes:

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Abnormally low secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland results in the disease:

diabetes insipidus

The pineal gland is located in the:

brain

Alpha cells secrete insulin that increases blood glucose.

False

Therapeutic lipid soluble hormones must be injected whereas peptide hormones can be administered
orally.

False

A common second messenger is cAMP.

True

When the effect of two or more hormones acting together is greater than the sum of each, this is said to be a synergistic effect.

True

Lipid soluble hormones have their receptors in the cytoplasm (or nucleus) of target cells.

True

Gonadotrophs are cells within the posterior pituitary that secrete follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.

False

Most of the action of human growth hormone (hGH) is to promote the synthesis and secretion of small
protein hormones called insulinlike growth factors or somatomedins.

True

The hypothalamus controls most of the endocrine releases from the pituitary.

True

Increased secretion of calcitonin, produced in the (thyroid, parathyroid) gland (raises, lowers) blood calcium and phosphate by (stimulating, inhibiting) bone resorption by osteoclasts.

thyroid, lowers, inhibiting

Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (increases, decreases) bone resorption and (increases, decreases) blood calcium and phosphate.

increases, increases

The adrenal medulla secretes these amines after stimulation of sympathetic nerves to supplement or prolong the "fight or flight" response - _____________________ and ________________________

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Stimulates growth of axillary and pubic hair

androogens

Augments the fight or flight response

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Regulates metabolism and resistance to stress

cortisol

Increases blood glucose level

glucagon

Local hormones involved in inflammation, smooth muscle contraction, and blood flow

prostaglandins

Stimulates or inhibits the secretion of the hormones of the anterior pituitary

hypothalamic regulating (releasing and inhibiting) hormones

Stimulates synthesis and release of T3 and T4

thyroid stimulating hormone

Stimulates egg and sperm production

follicle stimulating hormone

Decreases blood glucose level

insulin

Regulates the body's biological clock and sleep cycles

melatonin

Promotes T cell maturation

thymosin

Stimulates sex hormone production, triggers ovulation

luteinizing hormone

Helps control water and electrolyte homeostasis

aldosterone

Enhances uterine contractions during labor; stimulates milk ejection

oxytocin

Increases blood Ca+2 level

parathyroid hormone

Regulates oxygen use, basal metabolic rate, cellular metabolism, and growth and development

thyroxine and triidothyronine

Increases skin pigmentation in animals and controls appetite in humans

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Initiates and maintains milk secretion by the mammary glands

prolactin

Inhibits water loss through the kidneys

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

Stimulates protein synthesis, inhibits protein breakdown, stimulates lipolysis, and retards the use of glucose for ATP production

human growth hormone

Decreases blood Ca+2 level

calcitonin

An enlargement of the thyroid gland often due to iodide deficiency

goiter

Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone that is present at birth

congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism)

Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone in adults

myxedema

Hyperthyroidism, an autoimmune disease

Grave's disease

Hyposecretion of insulin or down regulation of insulin receptors

diabetes mellitus

Hyposecretion of ADH

diabetes insipidus

Hyposecretion of human growth hormone before epiphyseal plates close

pituitary dwarfism

Hypersecretion of human growth hormone after epiphyseal plates close

acromegaly

Hypersecretion of human growth hormone before epiphyseal plates close

giantism

Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone

Addison's disease

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids

Cushing's disease