Ch. 2 Chemistry Comes Alive
What is matter
anything that occupies space and has mass
What is all matter composed of
elements
What are elements
elements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances through ordinary chemical reactions
What is each element composed of
atoms
What is an atom
smallest piece of the element that has the same physical and chemical properties of the element
where are protons located
nucleus
where are neutrons located
nucleus
where are electrons located
orbitals
what is the charge of the proton
positive
what is the charge of the neutron
neutral
what is the charge of the electron
negative
are atoms are neutral
yes
how many electrons does the first orbit hold
2
how many electrons does the 2nd and so forth orbits hold
8
what is the atomic number
equal to the number of protons
what is the mass number
the number of protons plus the number of neutrons
What happens to electrons during an ionic bond
electrons are transfered
what results from the formation of ions (charge)
ionic bond
what is a positive ion called
cation
what is a negative ion called
anion
what happens to electrons during a covalent bond
the electrons are shared
what kind of sharing happens during a polar covalent bond
unequal sharing
what kind of sharing happens in a nonpolar covalent bond
equal sharing
where do hydrogen bonds occur
in polar covalent bonds
what is a hydrogen bond
it is a weak bond between atoms of other molecules
When do chemical reactions occur
when chemical bonds are formed, broken or rearranged
Name the three types of chemical reactions
synthesis, decomposition, and exchange
All synthesis reactions in the body are referred to as
anabolic
A+B=AB
synthesis reaction
What is the other name for a breakdown reactions
decomposition reactions
AB=A+B
decomposition reaction
decomposition reactions are referred to as
catabolic reactions
What reactions involves bonds being made and broken
exchange reactions
AB+CD=AD=CB
exchange reaction
reactions that release energy are called
exergonic
reactions that absorb energy are called
endergonic
reactions are classified based on what
whether energy is used or released
reactions can also be classified based on
if water is used up or released
AB=CD+H2O
dehydration reaction
AB+H2O=CD
hydrolysis
reactions can also be classified as
reversible and nonreversible
What affects the rate of the chemical reaction
temperature, concentration, particle size, and catalyst
what does the ph scale measure
the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
what is ph 7 considered
neutral
what is ph <7 considered
acid
what is a ph >7 considered
alkaline (base)
The higher the hydrogen ion concentration is means the solution is
more acidic
the three things that keep the blood at its proper level are
respiratory system, renal system and a buffer
What is energy
the capacity to do work
what are two forms of energy
potential and kinetic
what is potential energy
energy stored that could do work but is not doing it
what is kinetic energy
energy that is actually doing work
What are the four types of energy
electrical, electromagnetic, chemical and heat
what are organic compounds
compounds that contain carbon except, CO AND CO2
What is the basic building block of carbohydrates
monosaccharide
what are the three monosaccharides of importance
glucose, fructose, and galactose C6H12O6
What are two monosaccharides joined together
disaccharide
what is glucose +fructose
sucrose
what is glucose + galactose
lactose
what is glucose+glucose
maltose
Which polysaccharides are not digestible
cellulose and hemicellulose/fiber
which polysaccharides are digestible
glycogen (animals)and starch (plants)
What are the roles of carbohydrates in the body
provide energy, store energy, form cell structure provides bulk to the feces
how many calories are in 1 gm of carbohydrate
4
carbohydrates store energy in the form of
glycogen
what are the building blocks of protein
amino acids
how many different types of proteins are there
20
how many amino acids need to be joined together to be called a protein
4
protein structure:primary
due to
results in
peptide bond
sequence of AA
protein structure:secondary
due to
results in
hydrogen bond
coiling of protein
protein structure: tertiary
due to
results in
sulfur bond
further coiling of protein
protein structure:quaternary
due to
results in
orientation of subunits
function of protein
What role do protein play in the body
provides calories,stores calories, help to fight infection, carry oxygen, makes skin and hair tough, skin flexible and taut, digest food, hormones (except reproductive ones)
what does lipids consist of
fats, phospholipids, steroids (cholesterol)
what are the basic building blocks of lipids
glycerol and fatty acids
1G+1FA=
Monoglyceride
1G+2FA=
Diglyceride
1G+3FA=
Triglyceride
what is the worst kind of fat
saturated fat
C-C-C-C-C-C
saturated fat
C=C-C-C-C-C
monounsaturated
C=C=C-C-C-C
polyunsaturated
what are the roles of fat in the body
provides calories, stores energy around organs, helps in the absorption of soluble vitamins A,D,E,K, reproductive hormones
how many calories in 1gm of fat
9
what are the two classes of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
what are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides
each nucleotide consist of
sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base
what sugar does RNA have
ribose
what sugar does DNA have
deoxyribose
Name the nitrogenous bases
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil
which nitrogenous base is not in RNA
thymine
which nitrogenous base is not in DNA
uracil
A double helix structure is called the
DNA
a single stranded molecule is called the
RNA
adenine always pairs with either
T or U
Guanine always pairs with
C
Function of ATP
store energy, sources of immediate energy
what is ATP made of
sugar (ribose), phosphate, nitrogenous base (adenine)
where is ATP stored
between the second and third phosphate molecule