Phospholipids

1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids
-hooked onto glycerol and phosphate groups
-have phosphate head and lipid tail
-Head: hydrophillic(love water)
-Tail: hydrophobic( hate water)

Pyrimidines VS Purines

-Pyrimidines: U, T, C
-Purines:A,G

Francisco Redi

(1668) Disproved spontaneous generation w/ meat experiment

Amino Acid Structure

Peptide Bond

Edward Jenner

(1796) Small Pox Vaccine
-Gave a little boy cow pox, after he got over it, tried to give the boy small pox and boy never got sick
- Discovered Vaccines
-Vaca: Cow in spanish

Goden Age of Microbiology

(1857-1914)
-prevention and curing diseases
-Aseptic Techniques
-Bio-genesis
-Germ Theory of Disease

Biogenesis

Living cells come from other living cells

Germ Theory of Disease

-Foreign Microbes/Mutated microbes cause sickness/ ailment
-Some thought you got sick because you deserved punishment

What is a peptide?

4-9 amino acids

-Polypeptide: 10s-1000s amino acids

Watson & Crick

(1953) -elucidated DNA structure
- Discovered DNA is a double helix

Recycling elements

-Decomposing trash, landfills, compost piles
-Convert C, O, N, P, S into forms we can use

Natural Products

-Alternative Fuels
-Antibiotics
-Alcohol
-Vaccines
-Yogurt

Cellular Respiration Cycle

1. Glucose -> 2 Pyruvic Acids
2. 2 Pyruvic Acids-> 2 Acetyle CoA + NADH/2FADH(2)
3. 2 Acetyl CoA + NADH/2FADH(2)-> Energy

Louis Pasteur

pasteurization
Heating up liquids to keep sterile
-swan neck flask

Modern Era

- Development of chemotherapy
-using chemicals for a treatment
-Developed Antibiotics

Paul Erlich

"magic bullet"
-something to kill disease yet not harm the host
-Salvarsan

Tertiary Structure

-3D Structure, not predictable
-Interactions of Amino Acid side chains ( R groups)
-Globular

Quaternary Structure

-2 or more polypeptide chains work as one unit
-globular ( hemoglobin) or fibrous ( actin and myocin)

Gene

-basic unit of heredity
-specific order of nitrogenous bases makes up 1 gene
- 10s-100s of nucleotides = 1 gene

DNA

-circular chromosomes
-genetic makeup of how we are
-determines protein sequence

Recombinant DNA Technology

-genetically enginerred food
-cloning
-insulin

Classification of life

Phylogenic tree of life
-3 domains
-6 Kingdoms
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Chromosome

100s-1000s of genes make up 1 chromosome
-46 in humans

Genome

1s-10s of chromosomes = 1 genome
the human genome is 46 chromosomes

RNA

3 types
-mRNA
-messenger
-carries from DNA to ribosomes
- codes for protein sequence
-rRNA
-ribosomal
-made in the nucleolus
-tRNA
-reads mRNA
-help form proteins/correct amino acids

What are the 3 domains and the kingdoms of each?

Bacteria
-Eubacteria
Archaea
- Archaebacteria
Eukarya
- protista
-fungi
-plantae
-animalia

Prokaryote

Single-celled w/ no nucleus

Eukaryote

membrane bound organelle and nucleus
-can be 1 or more cells

Magnification

increase in apparent size of an object

Prokaryote Classification

-Shape
-Size
-Arrangement
-Food Requirements
-Chemical Testing

Subrstrate level Phosphorylation

ADP removes a phosphate directly from a substrate

Pleomorph

Changes shape
-PV (proteus vulgaris)
-Diptheria

Sprilium

spiral type shape

Comma

ex: Cholera

Spirillium

wasy, "S" shape

Fleming, Chain, Florey

-Fleming discovered penicillin
-Chain and Florey isolated and mass produced penicillin

Hooke

Built first microscope, series of lenses and mirrors
-observed cork, coined the term "cells" from monasteries

Leeuwenhoek

-built 450 microscopes (mag-300x)
-saw first living cells "Animacules"
-Cell theory

What is the order of biomolecules broken down when dieting?

1. Carbs
2. Fats
3. Proteins

Fat Metabolism

Lipids -> Fatty acids + Glycerol

enzymes= lipase

Spirochete

-Wrapped around axial filament
-Spiral
- ex lyme disease, syphillis

Star Shaped

Ex Stella

Rectangular

ex Haloarcula
-HALO= Salt loving

Prokaryotic Glycocalyses

-Sugar coat on outside bacterial wall made of sugar, carbs, and protein

Protein Metabolism

Proteins-> Amino Acids

Enzymes-peptidase(small)
protease (big)

Cell Theory

1. Cells are smallest unit of life
2. all living orgs are made of 1 or more cells
3. All cells must come from pre-existing cells

Oxidative Phosphorylation

e- are transferred from ORGANIC compounds to electron carriers ( nad+, fad+) and produce ATP throughenergy generation

PhotoPhosphorylation

get energy to make ATP through light

Spontaneous Generation

Forms of life spontaneously arise from non-living matter "POOF"

Staphylococcus

grouped together, looks like a beer pong formation

Phototaxis

can be positive or negative
pos-move towards light
neg- move away from light

Pepsin

Enzyme in stomach

Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

Go hand in hand
OXIDATION: lose an electron, produce energy
Reduction: gain an electron, lose energy
REDOX reaction

What are the 3 steps of cellular respiration?

1. Glycolysis
2. Kreb's Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain

Glycolysis

-Substrate level phosphorylation
-Oxidation of Glucose
-Happens in cytoplasm in Euks, and Proks
-Glucose-> 2 pyruvic acids + 2 ATP+ 2NADH
-Does not require Oxygen
Purpose- split 6-c glucose into two 3-c glucose

Kreb's Cycle

2 pyruvic acids-> 2 Acetyl CoA-> 6 CO2+2ATP+ 2FADH2+8NADH + 10H+

All about creating NAD and FAD

Electron Transport Chain

NAD and FADH2 flow down the chain generating energy the way down.
Release energy as e- transfer from High to Low energy compounds

6CO2+12H+ + 10NADH +2FADH2->6H2O+ 3HATP=10NAD+ +2FAD+

EUK- miochondrial membrane
Prok- plasma membrane

Types of Prokaryotic Glycocalyse

1. Capsule
-organized
-firmly attached to cells
2. Slime Layer
-unorganized
-loosely attached to cell

Fermentation

1. After Glycolysis
2. No oxygen, no kreb's, no ECT
3.Release energy from sugar/lipids
4.Uses an organic molecule as a final electron acceptor
5.Only makes small amount of ATP
-lactic acid
-alcoholic

Lactic Acid

2NADH + 2pyruvic acids-> 2 Lactic Acids + 2NAD+

Lactobacillus
Streptococcus
-yogurt
-food spoilage
-pickles

Gram Negative Cell Wall (2)

one or few Peptidoglycan layers sandwiched between plasma membrane and outer membrane
-lipolysaccharide layer(lipids and sugars)
NO TECHOIC ACIDS
Has porin proteins
More resistant to antibiotics

Lysozymes

-Chemical produced by euks
hydrolyzes
breaks down apart NAG and NAM carb backbone in pg layer
-Saliva, Mucus, Tears

Flagellum

rotor like movement
not wavy like sperm
more circular motion
polar flagella

Monotrichous

one tail

Prokaryote Parts

1. Lipid bilayer
2. Enzymes
3. DNA
4. Ribosomes

Prokaryoute lipid bilayer

-Fluid mosaic model
-phospholipids
-proteins(for transport)
-Diffusion
-Osmosis
-Active Transport

Diffusion

-Passive movement of molecules (oxygen CO2) through cell

Amphitrichous

2 tails, one on either side

Lophotrichous

many tails coming out of one hole

Characteristics of Prokaryotes

no nucleus or oranelle
smaller in size
70s ribosomes
Circular chromosomes
no histones
peptidoglycan layer
binary fission for repro.
no carbs or sterol

Osmosis

Diffusion of water only

Alcoholic Fermentation

2 pyruvic acids-> 2 acteryaldehide + 2CO2

Acetaldehide= 2NADH and 2NAD+

Saccromyces= yeast
beer bread
anaerobic

Characteristics of Euks

nucleus and membrane bound organelle
bigger in size
single or multicellular
80s Ribosomes
no pg layer
sexual or asexual repro.

Resolution

power; to show details

light microscope = 2000x

Chemotaxis

Positive or negative
pos-move towards chemicals
neg- move away from chemicals

Fimbriae

-small protuberances
-poloar or nonpolar-few to hundreds
acts like velcro

Pili

-1 per cell
-for conjugation
-plasmid carries gene for pili creation and genes for antibiotic resistance

Steroids

fats built from cholesterol( 4 fused rings)
Find sterols in plasma membrane of FUNGI< PLANTS< ANIMALS

Proteins

-C, H, O, N, S
50% of mass of cell
amino acids have peptide bonds

Types of proteins

Enzymes
Transport( in and out of cell)
Structure( myocin and actin)

Peritrichous

many tails coming out of everywhere

Atrichous

no tail

Prok Cell wall functions

1. Transport
2. Keep from rupturing
3. Protection
4. Determines Shape
5. Anchor for flagella
6. Confers resistance to antibiotics

Gram Positive Cell walls (2)

Thick pg layer
chans of 2 sugars repeating (NAG,NAM)
HAS TECHOIC ACID

Oligosaccharides

2-20 units long

Gram negative cell wall

2 sets of rings
1-pg layer
1-membrane

Gram Positive

only 1 set of rings

Polysaccharide

more than 2 sugars, not usually sweet, straight or branched
10-100s long
ex starch
not soluble in water

Func of Prokaryotic Glycocalyse

Adhering to things
lubrication
protection from immune systems
UV protection

Taxis

Movement

Physiology of Enzymes

Temp cause reaction to go up
pH causes reactions to go up
Denaturing of proteins
Substrate concentration
Ihibitors ( competitive and Non competitive)

Endospores

can remain dormant for 1000's of years
bacilli shape only

metabolism

sum of all reactions in the body

2 types of metabolism

Catabolism
Anabolism

Scanning Electron Microscope

100,00X
beam of electrons creating a shower, to provie a 3D image

Transmission Electron Mic

200,000X
beam electrons straight through specimen
dead things only

Scanning Tunneling Electron Micros.

1,000,000,000X
Atomic Level
Nanometer scale
absolute zero-hundreds of degrees

3 types of lipids

Steroid
triglycerides
phospholipids