17th Amendment

Direct election of U.S. senators

18th Amendment

Banned alcoholic beverages (Prohibition)

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

20th Amendment

Set dates for presidential/congressional terms and line of succession

21st Amendment

Repealed Prohibition

22nd Amendment

Established presidential term limits

Hull House

Settlement house founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved South after the Civil War during Reconstruction

Andrew Johnson Impeachment

Impeached for violating the Tenure of Office Act by removing Edwin Stanton

Tenure of Office Act

Law limiting the president's power to remove officials without Senate approval

Tammany Hall

Democratic political machine in NYC controlled by Boss Tweed

Civil Service Reform Act

Pendleton Act

Pendleton Act

Required government jobs to be awarded based on merit

Populist Party

Third-party movement of the 1890s supported mainly by farmers

Homestead Strike (1892)

Major labor strike involving steel workers

Captains of Industry

Vanderbilt-railroads, Carnegie-steel, Rockefeller-oil, J.P. Morgan-banking, Edison-electricity

Samuel Gompers

Leader of the American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Haymarket Riot

Violent labor protest in Chicago

Oliver Hudson Kelley

Founder of the National Grange

Sanford B. Dole

First president of Hawaii

John Hay

Created the Open Door Policy

Insular Cases

Ruled that territories do not automatically receive constitutional rights

Boxer Rebellion

Chinese uprising against foreign influence in 1900

Open Door Policy

Equal trading rights for all nations in China

Roosevelt Corollary

U.S. can intervene in Latin America to protect interests

Gentlemen's Agreement

1907 agreement limiting Japanese immigration

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft's policy of increasing influence through investments

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Highest tariff in U.S. history

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire

Reasons U.S. Entered WWI

Zimmerman Note, unrestricted submarine warfare, Lusitania, Allied debt

Big Four

Wilson (USA), Lloyd George (Britain), Orlando (Italy), Clemenceau (France)

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WWI

Russo-Japanese War

Conflict negotiated by Theodore Roosevelt

Immigration Laws of the 1920s

Restricted Southern and Eastern European immigrants

KKK Opposed

Blacks, immigrants, Catholics, Jews

Teapot Dome Scandal

Harding administration bribery scandal involving oil reserves

McNary-Haugen Bill

Plan to help farmers by raising farm prices

Dawes Plan

U.S. loans to Germany so Germany could pay war debts

Black Tuesday

Stock market crash on October 29, 1929

Bonus Army

WWI veterans who marched for bonus payments

FDIC

Insures bank deposits

Japanese Internment

Forced relocation of Japanese Americans into camps during WWII

Native Americans in WWII

Served as Code Talkers using Native languages

Eisenhower in WWII

Supreme Allied Commander in Europe

Turning Point of WWII (Pacific)

Battle of Midway

Turning Point of WWII (Europe)

Battle of Stalingrad

Manhattan Project

Secret project that developed the atomic bomb

GI Bill of Rights

Benefits for WWII veterans including education and housing

Berlin Airlift

Supplied West Berlin during Soviet blockade

Marshall Plan

U.S. economic aid to rebuild Europe after WWII

J. Robert Oppenheimer

Physicist who helped develop the atomic bomb

John T. Scopes

Arrested for teaching evolution

Cross of Gold Speech

Delivered by William Jennings Bryan

Redeemers

Southern Democrats who regained control after Reconstruction

Seward's Folly

Purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867

Confederates After Civil War

Pardoned by Andrew Johnson

Southern Economy After Civil War

Crippled and devastated

Freed Blacks After Civil War

Faced resistance from KKK, plantation owners, and Democrats

Exodusters

African Americans who migrated to Kansas after Reconstruction

Freedmen's Bureau

Helped former slaves with food, shelter, education, and jobs

Wade-Davis Bill

Radical Republican Reconstruction plan stricter than Lincoln's

Black Codes

Laws restricting African Americans' rights in the South

Examples of Black Codes

Limits on voting, jobs, movement, and legal rights

Grant's Weaknesses

Loyalty to friends, poor judgment, little political experience, alcohol

Bloody Shirt

Using Civil War memories to gain political support

Credit Mobilier

Railroad scandal involving fake contracts and stock manipulation

Panic of 1873

Economic depression caused by overexpansion of railroads and industry

Patronage

Giving jobs in exchange for political support

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction by removing troops from the South

Plessy v. Ferguson

Established "separate but equal"

Separate but Equal

Segregation ruled constitutional

Jim Crow Laws

Laws enforcing racial segregation

Chinese Exclusion Act

Law restricting Chinese immigration

Urbanization

Growth of cities due to industrialization

Consumerism

Increased buying of goods; symbolized by department stores

New Immigrants

Mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe

Most Harshly Treated Immigrants

Chinese and Irish

Birds of Passage

Immigrants who came temporarily to earn money

Old Immigrants

Immigrants from Northern and Western Europe

Political Machines and Immigrants

Provided jobs and services for votes

Jobs for Women in the 1890s

Mainly city and clerical jobs

Social Darwinism

Applied "survival of the fittest" to business and society

Alfred T. Mahan

Argued sea power leads to world power

Overthrow of Hawaii

American business interests and annexation efforts took control

Cuban Insurrection

Cuban revolt against Spain

McKinley's War Message

Triggered by yellow journalism, De Lome Letter, and USS Maine explosion

Teller Amendment

Promised Cuba would be independent after the war

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino leader who first aided and later fought the U.S.

U.S. in Philippines

U.S. refused independence, leading to Filipino-American War

U.S. in Puerto Rico

U.S. occupied Puerto Rico during Spanish-American War

Progressive Movement

Reform movement addressing social, political, and economic issues

Female Progressives

Women who worked for reforms and social justice

Religious Groups During Progressivism

Supported social reform efforts

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption and abuses

Prohibition

Ban on alcohol

Muller v. Oregon

Upheld special workplace protections for women

Long-Term Causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

Militarism

Building up military strength

Alliances

Agreements between nations for mutual support

Imperialism

Expansion of empires and control of territories

Nationalism

Strong loyalty to one's nation

Short-Term Causes of WWI

Balkan tensions and assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Powder Keg of Europe

Balkan Peninsula

Austria-Hungary Annexed Bosnia

1908

Russia's Goal in Balkans

Access to the Mediterranean Sea

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Assassinated in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914

Black Hand

Serbian secret organization linked to assassination

Gavrilo Princip

Assassin of Franz Ferdinand