which term refers to the vegetative portion of a cannabis plant from a strain containing low levels of THC?

hemp

in what year did marijuana become outlawed at the federal level for all uses?

1971

which cannabinoids are psychoactive?

delta9-THC

drugs that increase the expression of which class of drug metabolizing enzymes would be expected to decrease the half-life of THC in the body of users?

CYPs

THC metabolites are primarily eliminated from the body through which process?

defecation

you work for a company that has a strict "no-drugs" policy. A person that you are in the process of hiring takes a drug test that comes back positive for marijuana. They tell you that they have not consumed any form of cannabis or THC in the pest few weeks. is it possible that they are telling the truth?

yes

activation of the CB1 receptor causes a(n) _____ in the production of cAMP.

decrease

which endocannabinoid receptor is responsible for the psychoactive effects of cannabis?

CB1

CB1 receptors are primarily found on ______ neurons

presynaptic

endocannabinoids are primarily produced in _____ neurons

postsynaptic

which endocannabinoid exerts the largest control in the human body

2-AG

where in the body are endocannabinoids stored?

they are not stored in the body

a patient successfully uses intermittent THC consumption to control panic attacks. this is most likely due to its

inhibition of glutamatergic neurons

a patient successfully uses regular, moderate consumption of CBD containing beverages to control general anxiety. this is most likely due to its ____

activation of the serotonin receptor

which statement describes the physiological role of the endocannabinoid system in the learning extinction?

activation of the CB1 receptor increases learning extinction

movement between states of normalcy and acute stress is controlled by the levels of which endocannabinoid

AEA

in general, it appears that cannabis use _____ depressive symptoms

increases

with our current knowledge, does cannabis cause acute psychosis?

yes

with our current knowledge, does cannabis cause persistent psychosis?

we cannot yet tell with certainty

with our current knowledge, does cannabis use in adolescence cause adult psychosis?

we cannot yet tell with certainty

with our current knowledge, can cannabis be used to reduce psychotic symptoms?

yes

is THC expected to increase or decrease short-term memory?

decrease

the other day, I was walking through Walmart and saw something that was on my list but was not on the appropriate shelf. I assumed something was wrong with it and continued to where the item should have been. It turned out that they were sold out and the misplaced item I had seen was the only one left in the store. I then had to remember where I had seen it and go back to get it, relying on my spatial memory. would a CB₁ agonist be expected to make this task easier or more difficult?

more difficult

in which region of the brain would you expect to see the effects of CB1 agonists on the memory?

the center

is cannabis additive?

yes

are high or low doses of THC expected to cause a larger reward response?

low

a cigarette smoker that has successfully quit smoking, begins smoking marijuana. does this make them more or less likely to restart smoking cigarettes?

more likely

endocannabinoids most directly reduce the expression of which hormone?

leptin

neuropeptide Y ______ appetite

increases

the reward response received from eating is primarily dependent on which endocannabinoid receptor?

CB1

rimonabant would be expected to _____ levels of melancortin

increase

based on our current understanding, which would work best as an anti-emetic?

CB1 agonist

administration of which dose would be most likely to increase acute vomitting (ignore hyperemesis)?

200 mg/g CBD

a physician aims to reduce nausea in a patient by using CBDA. which route of administration of cannabis are they most likely to prescribe?

tincture

which compound appears to be the primary endocannabinoid responsible for the prevention of nausea under normal conditions?

AEA

which compound appears to be the primary endocannabinoid responsible for the reduction of nausea once it has occurred?

2-AG

would THC be expected to increase or decrease the measured time in a mouse tail-flick experiment?

increase

for which source of pain would CBD be least effective as a single-agent therapy?

a patient in the ER with a gun shot wound

for which source of pain would a CB2 agonist be least effected as a single-agent therapy?

a patient in the ER with a gunshot wound

with which current analgesic would cannabis show a synergistic effect?

fentanyl

THC's pro-convulsant effects are most likely meditated through which type of neuron?

GABAergic

you take a blood sample from a long-term epilepsy patient immediately following a seizure. what levels of endocannabinoids do you expect to find?

normal

based on our current understanding, does CBD prevent seizures though its effects on glutamatergic or GABAergic neurons?

glutamatergic

what is the composition of epidiolex?

CBD

THC's effect on which intracellular molecule/ion has the most direct neuroprotective effect?

ca2+

which drug would be the most likely to show positive effects in the treatment of multiple sclerosis?

combined CB1/CB2 agonists

which treatment would you expect to show the most efficacy in the treatment of Huntington's disease?

THC:CBD

cannabis may be useful in the treatment of strokes by preventing neuron death caused by which mechanisms?

ischemia

inflammation

excitotoxicity

the primary species of tobacco plant used for smoking purposes is ___

nicotiana tabacum

from which part of the world did the plant that serves as the current primary source of tobacco originate?

americas

in which century did the recreational tobacco industry begin in Europe?

1500s

in which century did cigars start to become popular?

1700s

in what century did the cigarette industry begin booming throughout Europe?

1800s

which method of tobacco consumption utilizes acidic tobacco to increase absorption?

cigarette

roughly how much nicotine is found in the average cigarette?

1 mg

cigarettes have two sources of smoke. which contains the more toxic compounds?

sidestream smoke

in nicotine best decribed as an acid or base?

base

which conditions will lead to the highest absorption of nicotine when smoked?

acidic during combustion, basic during inhalation

which carcinogen is found in the highest concentrations in smokeless tobacco?

annabasine/anatabine