Sovereignty

– The power of a country to govern itself without outside control.

Partition

– The division of a country into separate parts, often creating new countries.

Protest

– A public action showing disagreement with a law or policy.

Self-Determination

– The right of a group of people to decide their own government and future.

Segregation

– The separation of people based on race, religion, or ethnicity (often enforced by law).

Dismantle

– To break apart or end a system, organization, or structure.

Nationalist Movements

Movements where people in a country or region try to gain independence and self-rule.

Zionism

A movement to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Balfour Declaration

A 1917 statement by Britain supporting the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

UN General Assembly Resolution 181

A 1947 United Nations plan to divide Palestine into two states: one Jewish and one Arab.

Vietminh

– A group led by Ho Chi Minh that fought for Vietnam’s independence from France.

17th Parallel

– The temporary dividing line between North and South Vietnam.

Ho Chi Minh

he leader of Vietnam’s independence movement and helped Vietnam become an independent country.

Important things he did:

• Founded the Vietminh, a group that fought for Vietnam’s independence from France
• Led resistance against French colonial rule
• Helped establish North Vietnam after the country was divided
• Became the leader of North Vietnam and worked toward reunifying Vietnam

Indian National Congress (INC)

– A major political group that worked for India’s independence from Britain.

Muslim League (India)

– A political group that wanted a separate country for Muslims (Pakistan)

Civil Disobedience

– Refusing to obey laws peacefully to protest unfair rule.

Rowlatt Act

– British law that allowed imprisonment without trial in India, leading to protests.

Boycott

– Refusing to buy or use goods to protest something.

Salt March

(1930), led by Mohandas Gandhi, was a 240-mile peaceful protest against British salt laws that forced Indians to buy expensive salt. Gandhi and his followers marched to the sea at Dandi, where he broke the law by picking up natural salt to show resistance through civil disobedience. The march became a powerful symbol of nonviolent protest and helped build support for India’s independence.

Homespun Movement

The Homespun Movement was started by Mohandas Gandhi as part of India’s struggle for independence from Britain. It encouraged Indians to spin their own cloth and wear homemade cotton instead of buying British textiles. This was a form of boycotting British goods, meant to weaken British economic control and promote Indian self-reliance.

Partition of India

– The division of India into two countries: India and Pakistan in 1947.

Ho Chi Minh

the leader of Vietnam’s independence movement and helped Vietnam become an independent country.

Important things he did:

• Founded the Vietminh, a group that fought for Vietnam’s independence from France
• Led resistance against French colonial rule
• Helped establish North Vietnam after the country was divided
• Became the leader of North Vietnam and worked toward reunifying Vietnam

Mohandas Gandhi

Why he is important:
Gandhi was the leader of India’s independence movement and is famous for using nonviolence to fight British rule.

Important things he did:

• Led India’s independence movement against British control
• Used nonviolence (peaceful protest) and civil disobedience
• Organized major protests like the Salt March
• Encouraged boycotts of British goods and promoted the Homespun Movement
• Inspired movements for civil rights around the world

Muhammad Jinnah

Why he is important:
Muhammad Jinnah was the leader who helped create the country of Pakistan.

Important things he did:

• Led the Muslim League, which supported a separate country for Muslims in India
• Argued that Muslims needed their own nation to protect their rights
• Played a major role in the Partition of India (1947)
• Became the first leader (Governor-General) of Pakistan