How does the immune system manage to avoid recognizing and attacking normal cells within the body?

T lymphocytes that have the ability to recognize normal cells within the body are eliminated by apoptosis early in the development of the immune system.

If Raf is mutated so that it is "on" constitutively, what is the effect on the cell?

The cells lose growth control.

Retinoblastoma is inherited as a ____________.

dominant genetic trait

For many years, _______ was the only member of the GPCR superfamily to have its X-ray crystal structure determined.

rhodopsin

In which of the following biological processes is nitric oxide not involved?

hearing

Oncogenes are __________.

really eukaryotic cellular genes that were incorporated into the viral genome during a previous infection

If any of the proteins involved in mismatch repair are damaged, the mutation rate and cancer risk will rise; this is called the ___________.

mutator phenotype

_________ immune responses are mounted by the body immediately without requiring previous contact with the microbe; they are the first line of defense and are characterized by a lack of specificity.

Innate

How are drug companies trying to combat the ability of the BCL-2 gene to lower the effectiveness of chemotherapy?

They are trying to develop drugs that make cancer cells more likely to undergo apoptosis.

Macrophages have receptors on their surfaces that help them to recognize ____________.

certain types of highly conserved macromolecules that play essential roles in viruses and bacteria

_________ are pathogens that are capable of stimulating immunity while being genetically crippled so that they are unable to cause disease.

Attenuated pathogens

Raf is a ________ protein kinase that resides at the head of the _______.

serine/threonine, MAP kinase cascade

__________ is an approach that tries to get the immune system more involved in the fight against cancer.

Immunotherapy

____________ is a rare childhood cancer of the eye's retina.

Retinoblastoma

Introduction of antibodies made against a particular invading organism into another organism by injection or some other similar method is called ____________.

passive immunity

_________ screen body cells for aged, infected and, in some cases, malignant cells and, if such cells are detected, they are attacked and killed.

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

No matter how the signal initiated by the binding of a ligand is transmitted (via a second messenger or by protein recruitment), what is the outcome of that signal?

A protein at the top of an intracellular signaling pathway is activated.

How is Ras activity turned off?

It is turned off by hydrolysis of its bound GTP to GDP.

__________ is new blood vessel formation.

Angiogenesis

Another word for malignant transformation is ________.

tumorigenesis

In cells exposed to stressful stimuli, like X-rays or damaging chemicals, what response does the MAP kinase cascade coordinate?

withdrawal from the cell cycle

Chronic infection with what stomach-dwelling bacterium has been associated with certain gastric lymphomas?

Helicobacter pylori

Bcl-2 acts as a(n) ________ by promoting ___________.

oncogene, survival of potential cancer cells that would otherwise die by apoptosis

How can one identify oncogenes?

by introducing the DNA suspected of containing the oncogene into cultured cells and looking for altered growth properties

All types of immune responses depend upon ___________.

the body's ability to distinguish between materials that are supposed to be there (self) and those that are not (nonself)

A single layer of cells that covers a culture dish is called a(n) _________.

monolayer

In what way does the character of the antibodies made during a secondary response differ from those made during the primary response?

The antibodies of the secondary response have a much greater affinity for their antigen.

How is the distribution of free calcium ions in the living cell detected?

fluorescent probes that emit light in the presence of calcium ions

How is signaling by an activated G? subunit terminated?

The bound GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP.

Cancer results from the uncontrolled proliferation of a single wayward cell and is therefore considered to be _________.

monoclonal

_____________ is an inherited disease in which individuals develop many (hundreds or thousands) of premalignant polyps from epithelial cells lining the colon wall.

Familial adenomatous polyposis coli

Genes that enable viruses to transform normal cells into tumor cells are called _________.

oncogenes

Mutant forms of tumor-suppressor genes act _____; both copies of the gene must be _______ before their protective function is lost.

recessively, mutated or deleted

Hypoxic conditions ___________.

All of the provided options are correct.

How does the immune system make responses against intracellular pathogens, like viruses, when they are hidden inside cells?

The immune system attacks intracellular pathogens primarily by targeting cells that have already been infected

Against what protein is the treatment for metastatic colon cancer Vectibix directed?

the EGF receptor

If the receptor is degraded along with its ligand after internalization, what is the effect on the cell's ability to respond to a hormone?

The cell has decreased sensitivity to subsequent stimuli.

How many high-affinity sweet-taste receptors have been identified in humans?

1

In what form do animal cells store glucose?

glycogen

How might blocking angiogenesis have a negative impact as a cancer treatment?

by creating a more O2-deficient environment for the tumor cells and by driving tumor cells to seek out other sites in the body

From what molecule are the steroids derived?

cholesterol

Natural killer cells cause the death of virus-infected cells by inducing them to undergo _________.

apoptosis

Once the kinase domain of receptor protein-tyrosine kinase has been activated, what does the activated receptor protein-tyrosine kinase do?

Each receptor subunit phosphorylates its partner on tyrosine residues found in regions adjacent to the kinase domain.

B cells are activated by ________ and T cells are activated by ______.

soluble, intact antigens; antigen fragments displayed on the surfaces of other cells

Arrestin binding to G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) __________.

prevents further activation of additional G proteins

_________ are enzymes that phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues on protein substrates.

Protein-tyrosine kinases

How do cells in the body of a multicellular organism usually communicate with each other?

extracellular messenger molecules

After the DNAs attached to the glass slide of a microarray are exposed to a probe, how are they usually visualized?

The cDNA probes are fluorescently labeled.

A lack of a functional TP53 gene __________.

causes a cell carrying damaged DNA to fail to be destroyed and will allow genetically unstable cells to continue to divide

________ form a small group of proteins that bind to G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) and compete for binding to those GPCRs with heterotrimeric G proteins.

Arrestins