front 1 How does the immune system manage to avoid recognizing and attacking normal cells within the body? | back 1 T lymphocytes that have the ability to recognize normal cells within the body are eliminated by apoptosis early in the development of the immune system. |
front 2 If Raf is mutated so that it is "on" constitutively, what is the effect on the cell? | back 2 The cells lose growth control. |
front 3 Retinoblastoma is inherited as a ____________. | back 3 dominant genetic trait |
front 4 For many years, _______ was the only member of the GPCR superfamily to have its X-ray crystal structure determined. | back 4 rhodopsin |
front 5 In which of the following biological processes is nitric oxide not involved? | back 5 hearing |
front 6 Oncogenes are __________. | back 6 really eukaryotic cellular genes that were incorporated into the viral genome during a previous infection |
front 7 If any of the proteins involved in mismatch repair are damaged, the mutation rate and cancer risk will rise; this is called the ___________. | back 7 mutator phenotype |
front 8 _________ immune responses are mounted by the body immediately without requiring previous contact with the microbe; they are the first line of defense and are characterized by a lack of specificity. | back 8 Innate |
front 9 How are drug companies trying to combat the ability of the BCL-2 gene to lower the effectiveness of chemotherapy? | back 9 They are trying to develop drugs that make cancer cells more likely to undergo apoptosis. |
front 10 Macrophages have receptors on their surfaces that help them to recognize ____________. | back 10 certain types of highly conserved macromolecules that play essential roles in viruses and bacteria |
front 11 _________ are pathogens that are capable of stimulating immunity while being genetically crippled so that they are unable to cause disease. | back 11 Attenuated pathogens |
front 12 Raf is a ________ protein kinase that resides at the head of the _______. | back 12 serine/threonine, MAP kinase cascade |
front 13 __________ is an approach that tries to get the immune system more involved in the fight against cancer. | back 13 Immunotherapy |
front 14 ____________ is a rare childhood cancer of the eye's retina. | back 14 Retinoblastoma |
front 15 Introduction of antibodies made against a particular invading organism into another organism by injection or some other similar method is called ____________. | back 15 passive immunity |
front 16 _________ screen body cells for aged, infected and, in some cases, malignant cells and, if such cells are detected, they are attacked and killed. | back 16 Cytotoxic T lymphocytes |
front 17 No matter how the signal initiated by the binding of a ligand is transmitted (via a second messenger or by protein recruitment), what is the outcome of that signal? | back 17 A protein at the top of an intracellular signaling pathway is activated. |
front 18 How is Ras activity turned off? | back 18 It is turned off by hydrolysis of its bound GTP to GDP. |
front 19 __________ is new blood vessel formation. | back 19 Angiogenesis |
front 20 Another word for malignant transformation is ________. | back 20 tumorigenesis |
front 21 In cells exposed to stressful stimuli, like X-rays or damaging chemicals, what response does the MAP kinase cascade coordinate? | back 21 withdrawal from the cell cycle |
front 22 Chronic infection with what stomach-dwelling bacterium has been associated with certain gastric lymphomas? | back 22 Helicobacter pylori |
front 23 Bcl-2 acts as a(n) ________ by promoting ___________. | back 23 oncogene, survival of potential cancer cells that would otherwise die by apoptosis |
front 24 How can one identify oncogenes? | back 24 by introducing the DNA suspected of containing the oncogene into cultured cells and looking for altered growth properties |
front 25 All types of immune responses depend upon ___________. | back 25 the body's ability to distinguish between materials that are supposed to be there (self) and those that are not (nonself) |
front 26 A single layer of cells that covers a culture dish is called a(n) _________. | back 26 monolayer |
front 27 In what way does the character of the antibodies made during a secondary response differ from those made during the primary response? | back 27 The antibodies of the secondary response have a much greater affinity for their antigen. |
front 28 How is the distribution of free calcium ions in the living cell detected? | back 28 fluorescent probes that emit light in the presence of calcium ions |
front 29 How is signaling by an activated G? subunit terminated? | back 29 The bound GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP. |
front 30 Cancer results from the uncontrolled proliferation of a single wayward cell and is therefore considered to be _________. | back 30 monoclonal |
front 31 _____________ is an inherited disease in which individuals develop many (hundreds or thousands) of premalignant polyps from epithelial cells lining the colon wall. | back 31 Familial adenomatous polyposis coli |
front 32 Genes that enable viruses to transform normal cells into tumor cells are called _________. | back 32 oncogenes |
front 33 Mutant forms of tumor-suppressor genes act _____; both copies of the gene must be _______ before their protective function is lost. | back 33 recessively, mutated or deleted |
front 34 Hypoxic conditions ___________. | back 34 All of the provided options are correct. |
front 35 How does the immune system make responses against intracellular pathogens, like viruses, when they are hidden inside cells? | back 35 The immune system attacks intracellular pathogens primarily by targeting cells that have already been infected |
front 36 Against what protein is the treatment for metastatic colon cancer Vectibix directed? | back 36 the EGF receptor |
front 37 If the receptor is degraded along with its ligand after internalization, what is the effect on the cell's ability to respond to a hormone? | back 37 The cell has decreased sensitivity to subsequent stimuli. |
front 38 How many high-affinity sweet-taste receptors have been identified in humans? | back 38 1 |
front 39 In what form do animal cells store glucose? | back 39 glycogen |
front 40 How might blocking angiogenesis have a negative impact as a cancer treatment? | back 40 by creating a more O2-deficient environment for the tumor cells and by driving tumor cells to seek out other sites in the body |
front 41 From what molecule are the steroids derived? | back 41 cholesterol |
front 42 Natural killer cells cause the death of virus-infected cells by inducing them to undergo _________. | back 42 apoptosis |
front 43 Once the kinase domain of receptor protein-tyrosine kinase has been activated, what does the activated receptor protein-tyrosine kinase do? | back 43 Each receptor subunit phosphorylates its partner on tyrosine residues found in regions adjacent to the kinase domain. |
front 44 B cells are activated by ________ and T cells are activated by ______. | back 44 soluble, intact antigens; antigen fragments displayed on the surfaces of other cells |
front 45 Arrestin binding to G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) __________. | back 45 prevents further activation of additional G proteins |
front 46 _________ are enzymes that phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues on protein substrates. | back 46 Protein-tyrosine kinases |
front 47 How do cells in the body of a multicellular organism usually communicate with each other? | back 47 extracellular messenger molecules |
front 48 After the DNAs attached to the glass slide of a microarray are exposed to a probe, how are they usually visualized? | back 48 The cDNA probes are fluorescently labeled. |
front 49 A lack of a functional TP53 gene __________. | back 49 causes a cell carrying damaged DNA to fail to be destroyed and will allow genetically unstable cells to continue to divide |
front 50 ________ form a small group of proteins that bind to G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) and compete for binding to those GPCRs with heterotrimeric G proteins. | back 50 Arrestins |