The fusion of the right and left mandible into a single mandible bone during fetal development is an example of the formation of what kind of joint?

Synostosis

How are individual joints typically named?

Based on the names of the bones involved in the joint

An articulation, or joint, is defined as ___

Any point where two bones meet

The classification of a joint as bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial describes which of the following?

How the bone ends are held together within the joint

Bones that join together and are held in place with threads of collagen from a(n): ___ joint

Synarthrosis

A suture is a fibrous joint between two ___ bones

Skull

Bones joined together with cartilage between the ends of the bones from a(n): ____ joint

Synchondrosis

The pubic ____ is a cartilaginous joint in the anterior pelvis.

Symphysis

The most complex joints are ____. They display varying amounts of mobility

Diarthroses

The synovial joint with the highest degree of movement is called a _____ Joint

Ball & Socket joint

When two bones join together and fuse so that no visible separation occurs, it is referred to as a(n) ____ or bony joint

Synostosis

Bones that join together and are held in place with threads of collagen form a joint that is called a(n) ____

Synarthrosis

Bones joined together with cartilage between the ends of the bones form a joint called a(n) ____

Amphiarthrosis

The most complex joints are called ____. They display varying amounts of mobility

Synovial

What is a syndesmosis held together by?

Long collagen fibers

Identify the correct statement regarding the three types of sutures.

Lap sutures occur where two bones have overlapping beveled edges

What is a cartilaginous joint in which hyaline cartilage binds the bones together called?

Synchrondrosis

In a symphysis, bones are held together by which of the following?

Fibrocartilage

Choose the statement that correctly pairs the type of cartilaginous joint with its example.

The joint between the bodies of two vertebrae is an example of symphysis joint

Which of the following examples represent a bony joint, or synostosis?

An infant is born with right and left mandibular bones, but they soon fuse into a single bone

Which structure attaches a muscle to bone and helps stabilize a synovial joint?

Tendon

The opposing surfaces of bones connected via a synovial joint are covered with a thin layer of ___

Articular cartilage

Between the articular surfaces, a thin cavity is filled with ___ , which acts to lubricate the joint surface and nourish the tissues of the internal joint surface.

Synovial Joint

The ____ maintains the boundary of the joint and contains the synovial joint

Joint capsule

The outermost layer of the joint capsule is the ___ capsule, which is continuous with periosteum and provides support to the joint

Fibrous

The deeper portion of the capsule is the ____, which contains cells that synthesize the synovial fluid

Synovial membrane

An example of fibrocartilage that provides additional padding and stability to the joint is the ____ of the knee

Meniscus

Lying outside the confines of the joint capsule, but nonetheless critical to the support and movement of the synovial joints, are ____

Accessory structures

Muscles are anchored to bones by ___ , which are sheets of collagenous connective tissue

Tendons

Bone to bone connections are held together ___ , which are similar in structure to tendons

Ligaments

Sacs filled with synovial fluid that act as a cushion for muscles are called ___

Bursae

Fluid filled sacs around the joints are especially numerous in the hand, knee, and foot. Inflammation of these structures is called ___

Bursitis

Determine which option will result in the mechanical advantage of a lever being speed.

If LE, the length of the effort arm is (55mm) and LR, the length of the resistance arm, is (200mm)

Correctly identify the factor(s) that limit a joint's range of motion.

• Bones are joined by ligaments that limit their movement
• Well-exercised muscles of a shoulder joint will limit the possibility of a dislocation
• Joint movement is limited by the shapes of the bone's articular surfaces
• When extending the elbow, it is the shape of olecranon of the ulna and the olecranon fossa of the humerus that limit its range of motion

Symphyses replaced by synostoses:

Decreased spinal mobility

Syndesmoses replaced by synostoses:

Inability to pronate or supinate

Synostoses replaced by synchondroses:

Unfused os coxa resulting in separated ilia, pubis, and ischia in adulthood

Hinge replaced by condyloid:

Knee capable of adduction or abduction

Condyloid replaced by hinge:

Inability to abduct or adduct fingers

Synovial rib attachments replaced by syndesmoses:

Increase in respiratory difficulty

Sutures replaced by plane joints:

Decrease in nervous system protection

Ball & Socket replaced by hinge:

Increased stability of the shoulder

Gomphoses replaced by pivot:

Decreased tooth stability and resilience

One of the ways ___ joints can be classified is by their degree of freedom

Synovial

The axis of rotation passes through the bone in a direction ____ to the plane of movement

Perpindicular

A joint with only one degree of movement, moving only in one plane is called a ___ joint

Monoaxial

Biaxial joints can move through two ____ , or degrees of freedom

Planes

Some joints can move in more than two planes. These are called ____ joints

Multiaxial

What is movement of the foot upwards, as when walking on your heels, called?

Dorsiflexion

Decreasing the joint angle, as in bending the elbow or knee, is called ____

Flexion

Straightening a joint generally returns a body part to zero position - as in straightening the elbow or knee. This is called ____

Extension

Returning a body part from flexion t a point beyond zero position is called ___

Hyperextension

Movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body is called ___

Abduction

Returning a body part to zero position from an abducted position is called ___

Adduction

Closing the mouth is ___ of the mandible

Elevation

Opening the mouth is ____ of the mandible

Depression

Drawing the shoulders anteriorly, or protruding the mandible outward, is ____ of the scapulae or mandible

Protraction

Pulling the shoulders back, as in sticking out your chest, is ____ of the scapulae

Retraction

Making a conical motion with a limb, as in drawing a circle, is called _____

Circumduction

Twisting a bone along its longitudinal axis toward the midline of the body is ___

Medial rotation

Twisting a bone along its longitudinal axis away from the midline of the body is ____

Lateral rotation

Rotation of the forearm, as if you're turnng over a can to empty it, is called _____

Pronation

Movement of the thumb to approach and touch the fingertips called ___

Opposition

The ____ joint is an extremely complicated synovial joint due to its potential for multiaxial motion when flexed

Tibiofemoral

Increasing the depth of the articular surface of the knee, much like the labra of the shoulder and hip, are fibrocartilaginous extensions of the synovial membrane called ___

Menisci

Connecting the medial and lateral menisci across the center of the articular surface, the ___ ligament provides a strut against separation.

Transverse

Protecting the knee from medial displacement due to laterally applied forces, the ____ ligament is one of the two major extracapsular ligaments of the knee

Tibial collateral

Laterally bracing the lateral femoral condyle to the fibular head, the ____ ligament resists lateral separation of the knee due to medially applied forces

Fibular collateral

Spanning anteromedially from the lateral condyle of the femur, the ____ ligament attaches to the tibia anteriorly at the intercondylar eminence.

Anterior cruciate

The ____ ligaments resists posterior and lateral movement of the tibia. Its fibers originate superomedially on the femur and attach posterolaterally on the tibia

Posterior cruciate